Aryabhata was an Indian mathematician and astronomer whose groundbreaking work in the 5th and 6th centuries CE laid the foundations for later advancements in both fields. Born in 476 CE, his exact birthplace remains uncertain, with some sources pointing to Kusumapura (modern-day Patna, Bihar) and others to Ashmaka. He composed his seminal text, the Aryabhatiya, while studying at the ancient center of learning in Kusumapura.
At a time when much of the world had yet to formalize mathematical principles, Aryabhata introduced innovative concepts that shaped the course of Indian and global mathematics. He provided an approximation of π as 3.1416, accurate to four decimal places, and calculated the length of the solar year to an impressive precision of seven decimal places. His work on algebra included methods for solving linear and quadratic equations, influencing generations of mathematicians. While his contributions to the place-value system were significant, the formalization of zero as a numeral came later through the work of Brahmagupta.
Although not the first to study planetary motion, Aryabhata made a remarkable departure from prevailing astronomical theories by proposing that the apparent movement of celestial bodies was due to the Earth’s rotation on its axis. His astronomical models also provided precise calculations for lunar and solar eclipses, rejecting mythological explanations in favor of scientific reasoning.
Aryabhata’s influence extended far beyond his own time. His work shaped the studies of later Indian scholars such as Brahmagupta and Bhaskara I and reached the Islamic world through translations that helped preserve and transmit his insights. In recognition of his lasting impact, India named its first artificial satellite, launched in 1975, Aryabhata in his honor.
Composing his findings in poetic and mnemonic form, Aryabhata ensured that his discoveries remained accessible for future generations. His contributions to mathematics and astronomy set the stage for centuries of scientific progress, securing his place as one of history’s most influential thinkers.
If you’re interested in learning more, Walter Eugene Clark translated his works: “The Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata: An Ancient Indian Work on Mathematics and Astronomy”.