{"id":362,"date":"2016-11-08T15:12:42","date_gmt":"2016-11-08T15:12:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/upgrade-warandnation\/?page_id=362"},"modified":"2020-09-10T11:08:15","modified_gmt":"2020-09-10T10:08:15","slug":"1820-san-martin-invades-peru-by-the-sea","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/1820-san-martin-invades-peru-by-the-sea\/","title":{"rendered":"1820 San Mart\u00edn invades Peru by the Sea"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"video-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Englishmen in the Wars of Independence\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vY8KEYZieUg?list=PLT4ddVzn5YP-I5Jq7FT372zjg7Tmtn7WA\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>In 1817 San Mart\u00edn and the independence revolutionaries had taken Santiago, however Royalists still controlled the South of the country. Over the next three years San Mart\u00edn and O&#8217; Higgin&#8217;s forces would fight against the Spanish Royalist troops. At the same time, San Mart\u00edn and O&#8217;Higgins began acquiring ships in preparation for\u00a0a naval attack on Peru. The need for a naval fleet was clear, since the first independent government in Chile had been overturned by a naval invasion that brought Royalist troops from Peru. Thus the\u00a0patriots built up their own naval fleet both to secure Chile and also in preparation for their own invasion of Peru. Some of the vessels were captured from the Spanish and others were bought from US and from Britain, which also provided naval officers, such as the Scottish Lord Thomas Alexander Cochrane, who was to prove instrumental in quelling the Spanish Royalists in the South. This squadron of ships was built up between 1817 and 1820.\u00a0Almost all of the officers were British or North American. In the podcast above Natalia Sobrevilla Perea speaks about the involvement of Englishmen in the Wars of Independence.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2613\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2613\" class=\"wp-image-2613 size-medium\" title=\"\u00c1lvaro Casanova Zenteno 1928 The First Chilean Navy Squadron\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1846\/2016\/11\/1st-chilean-battallion-300x222.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1846\/2016\/11\/1st-chilean-battallion-300x222.png 300w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1846\/2016\/11\/1st-chilean-battallion.png 690w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2613\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00c1lvaro Casanova Zenteno 1928 La Primera Escuadra Nacional de Chile (The First Chilean Navy Squadron)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>One of the naval strategies employed by the patriots, was to curtail Peruvian trading and thereby weaken its economic strength, by taking merchant ships. The patriots incentivised\u00a0sailors by allowing them to keep the ships and cargoes that they seized. This kept morale high and provided a sustained financial blow to Peru. This attack on commerce was a tactic often used by the British.<\/p>\n<p>San Mart\u00edn became commander in chief of the army which would go on to try to liberate Peru. He was fully supported by O&#8217;Higgins and in 1820 San Mart\u00edn&#8217;s naval fleet set sail for Peru. Lord Cochrane had raided a Spanish Naval installation in the South of Chile, thus ensuring that there was little danger of the enemy attacking from the South.\u00a0The independence fighters were able to take Lima but the Highlands proved to be a Royalist stronghold.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Further Reading\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rosas, Claudia. <em>El miedo en el Per\u00fa. Siglos XVI-XX<\/em>. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa, Seminario Interdisciplinario de Estudios Andinos, 2005.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 1817 San Mart\u00edn and the independence revolutionaries had taken Santiago, however Royalists still controlled the South of the country. Over the next three years San Mart\u00edn and O&#8217; Higgin&#8217;s forces would fight against the Spanish Royalist troops. At the same time, San Mart\u00edn and O&#8217;Higgins began acquiring ships in preparation for\u00a0a naval attack on [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":122,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-362","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/362","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/122"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=362"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/362\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4765,"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/362\/revisions\/4765"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/warandnation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=362"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}