{"id":234,"date":"2018-04-10T10:10:46","date_gmt":"2018-04-10T09:10:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/upgrade-gsa\/?p=234"},"modified":"2019-05-09T10:13:00","modified_gmt":"2019-05-09T09:13:00","slug":"lecture-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/2018\/04\/10\/lecture-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Lecture 4"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 25%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-234 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-full'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.001.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.001.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.001.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.001-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.002.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.002.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.002.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.002-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.003.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.003.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 3\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.003.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.003-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.004.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.004.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 4\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.004.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.004-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.005.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.005.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 5\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.005.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.005-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.006.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.006.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 6\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.006.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.006-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.007.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.007.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 7\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.007.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.007-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.008.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.008.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 8\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.008.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.008-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.009.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.009.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 9\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.009.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.009-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.010.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.010.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 10\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.010.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.010-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.011.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.011.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 11\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.011.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.011-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.012.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.012.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 12\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.012.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.012-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.013.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.013.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 13\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.013.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.013-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.014.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.014.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 14\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.014.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.014-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.015.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.015.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 15\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.015.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.015-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.016.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.016.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 16\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.016.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.016-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.017.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.017.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 17\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.017.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.017-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.018.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.018.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 18\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.018.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.018-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.019.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.019.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 19\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.019.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.019-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.020.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.020.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 20\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.020.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.020-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.021.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.021.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 21\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.021.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.021-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.022.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.022.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 4 Slide 22\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.022.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-4.022-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl>\n\t\t\t<br style='clear: both' \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>ESRC\u9879\u76ee\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u6587\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5757<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>\u7b2c\u56db\u8bfe \u8bb2\u4e49<\/h4>\n<h4>\uff08\u8bd5\u7528\u7a3f\uff09<\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Instructions\u8bb2\u4e49\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8bf7\u53c2\u7167\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u9605\u8bfb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u6807\u9898\u6570\u5b57\u6307\u4ee3\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u76f8\u5e94\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\u8bb2\u4e49\u7531\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u793a\u4e3a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u76f8\u5e94\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u4e3a\u6559\u5e08\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u8d44\u6599\u53ca\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u601d\u8def\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u60a8\u82e5\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u548cEMR\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u80af\u7279\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5f20\u60a6\u60a6\u6559\u6388\u8054\u7cfb\u7d22\u53d6\uff1a<a href=\"mailto:y.zhang-203@kent.ac.uk\">y.zhang-203@kent.ac.uk<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h4>Main Text\u8bb2\u4e49\u6b63\u6587<\/h4>\n<p><strong>1. \u7b2c\u56db\u8bfe \u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\uff1a\u56fd\u9645\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e0a\u4e00\u8bfe\u6211\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u9014\u5f84\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u9879\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5176\u95f4\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5185\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u5c06\u66f4\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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debate\uff09\u201d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f20\u7edf\u5ef6\u7eed\u5230\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e39\u9ea6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u5047\u5b9a\u666e\u901a\u516c\u6c11\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u662f\u4e39\u9ea6\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u81ea\u53d1\u751f\u957f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u53c2\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3, \u6838\u80fd\u95ee\u9898\u5f15\u53d1\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u65f6, \u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1, \u8fd8\u8d44\u52a9\u4e86\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7, \u5982\u5de5\u4f1a\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\u548c\u73af\u5883\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u65b0\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u5174\u8d77\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 1985\u5e74\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u56fd\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u6280\u672f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08DBT\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u6280\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e13\u5bb6\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u4e09\u65b9\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u8005\u3002\u6709\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u6c11\u95f4\u81ea\u53d1\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\uff08\u867d\u7136\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\uff09\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8ba8\u8bba\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u5f80\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u7b56\u90e8\u95e8\u4f20\u9012\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6b63\u89c4\u6e20\u9053\u3002DBT\u5728\u4e39\u9ea6\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u653f\u7b56\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u53cc\u91cd\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6fc0\u53d1\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u79d1\u6280\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u628a\u516c\u4f17\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e24\u91cd\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u6280\u672f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u63a8\u884c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u201c\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6b63\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. \u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u67b6\u6784<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e39\u9ea6\u6280\u672f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u67b6\u6784\u5982\u56fe\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u662f\u7531\u56fd\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u7684<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6280\u672f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f1a\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5bfc\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08steering committee\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u65b9\u6784\u6210<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6307\u5bfc\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u9700\u8981\u6311\u9009\u51fa\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4\u6210\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff08expert panel\uff09<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6280\u672f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8981\u4ece\u516c\u4f17\u4e2d\u6311\u9009\u51fa\u4ee3\u8868\u7ec4\u6210\u5916\u884c\u516c\u4f17\u5c0f\u7ec4(laypersons\u2019 panel)<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u548c\u5916\u884c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5728\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5916\u884c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5f62\u6210\u8bc4\u4f30\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u7531\u6280\u672f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u3001\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u5e76\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u516c\u5f00\u53d1\u5e03<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. \u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\uff1a\u4f1a\u524d\u51c6\u5907\u9636\u6bb5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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\u6280\u672f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\u9009\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u884c\u516c\u4f17\u5c0f\u7ec4\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5148\u662f\u4ece\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u968f\u673a\u4ee3\u8868\u6837\u672c\u5e93\u4e2d\u8054\u7cfb\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u95ee\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u6765\u53c2\u52a0\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u4ece\u613f\u610f\u53c2\u4f1a\u7684\u4eba\u4e2d\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u6311\u9009\u51fa15\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u5916\u884c\u516c\u4f17\u5c0f\u7ec4\u300215\u4eba\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u4e39\u9ea6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u9009\u4eba\u65f6\u5c3d\u91cf\u505a\u5230\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u516c\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u6027\u522b\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u5730\u57df\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f1a\u524d\uff0c\u4e3b\u529e\u65b9\u4f1a\u5229\u7528\u5468\u672b\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u884c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u57f9\u8bad\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e3b\u9898\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5177\u5907\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08\u2018well-above-average-knowledge\u2019\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\uff0c\u5916\u884c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u8981\u5217\u51fa\u4e00\u4efd\u8ba8\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u6e05\u5355\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u5fc3\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u6709\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4efd\u95ee\u9898\u6e05\u5355\uff0c\u6307\u5bfc\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4ece\u4e13\u5bb6\u540d\u5355\u4e2d\u6311\u9009\u5408\u9002\u7684\u4eba\u9009\uff0c\u6765\u7ec4\u6210\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u5305\u62ec\u89e3\u7b54\u516c\u4f17\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0a\u7684\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c31\u4e0e\u8bae\u9898\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e13\u4e1a\u54a8\u8be2\u610f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>6. \u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\uff1a\u6b63\u5f0f\u4f1a\u8bae\u9636\u6bb5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6b63\u5f0f\u4f1a\u8bae\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u5929\u7684\u8bae\u7a0b\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\uff1a\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u6839\u636e\u5916\u884c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e0e\u6240\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u8bae\u9898\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6280\u672f\u7684\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9648\u8ff0\u65e2\u8981\u4f20\u8fbe\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u53cd\u5e94\u51fa\u4e13\u4e1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u4e2a\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\uff1a\u5916\u884c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u548c\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u5916\u884c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5185\u90e8\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e09\u5929\uff1a\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5916\u884c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5f62\u6210\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u548c\u5efa\u8bae\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e0e\u4f1a\u4e13\u5bb6\u3001\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u53d1\u5e03\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>7. \u6848\u4f8b\uff1a1999\u5e74\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\/\u4f5c\u7269\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u592a\u6e05\u695a\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u5230\u5e95\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u8ddf\u79d1\u6280\u6cbb\u7406\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5c31\u7ed9\u5927\u5bb6\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e2a1999\u5e74DBT\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4ee5\u201c\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\u548c\u4f5c\u7269\u201d\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u57281999\u5e74\u6625\u5929\u4e3e\u529e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u53f0\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u7ba1\u7406\u63aa\u65bd\uff08\u5982\u5bf9\u5305\u542b\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u6210\u5206\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u8fdb\u884c\u6807\u8bc6\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u6253\u6d88\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u4e39\u9ea6\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7591\u8651\u548c\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e39\u9ea6\u653f\u5e9c\u60f3\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u516c\u4f17\u62c5\u5fe7\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u8fd9\u6837DBT\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u57fa\u56e0\u62fc\u63a5\u98df\u54c1\uff08Gene-spliced foods\uff09\u201d\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\uff0c\u5916\u884c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5411\u4e13\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7ec4\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u4f1a\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6539\u53d8\u81ea\u7136\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1f\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u4f1a\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u4ea7\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>2. \u98df\u7528\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4eba\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>3. \u5982\u4f55\u9632\u6b62\u5c11\u6570\u516c\u53f8\u5784\u65ad\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u4f9b\u5e94\u3001\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u90fd\u7531\u8fd9\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u516c\u53f8\u8bf4\u4e86\u7b97\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>4. 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democracy\uff09\u5728\u79d1\u6280\u6cbb\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>10. \u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u56fd\u5ea6\uff1f\u201d\u6d3b\u52a8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u56fd\u5ea6\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u5176\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5229\u76ca<\/p>\n<p>7. \u4eba\u4eec\u6b22\u8fce\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u662f\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684<\/p>\n<p><strong>15. \u4ea7\u51fa\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\uff0d2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u53ca\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u53d1\u5e03\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u65b0\u95fb\u8282\u76ee\u90fd\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7279\u522b\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u51e0\u5bb6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e5f\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5934\u6761\u65b0\u95fb\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u3002\u5a92\u4f53\u4e3b\u8981\u8bc4\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u610f\u89c1\u662f\u5426\u5408\u7406\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u6001\u5ea6\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; NGO\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u53cd\u5bf9\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08\u5982\u5730\u7403\u4e4b\u53cb\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8ba8\u8bba\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u6b63\u597d\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u662f\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u6301\u53cd\u5bf9\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u597d\u4f50\u8bc1\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5982\u679c\u65e0\u89c6\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u5f88\u5371\u9669\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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\u786e\u4fdd\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u65b0\u6807\u8bc6\u89c4\u5b9a\u5728\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u548c\u975e\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9<\/p>\n<p>3. \u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u5b9a\u9002\u5f53\u6709\u6548\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u4f5c\u7269\u548c\u975e\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u519c\u4f5c\u7269\u5171\u5b58<\/p>\n<p>4. \u4fdd\u969c\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e3a\u60f3\u8981\u79cd\u690d\u975e\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u6307\u5bfc<\/p>\n<p>5. \u8003\u8651\u4ee5\u516c\u5f00\u548c\u900f\u660e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u4f17\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u5f0f<\/p>\n<p><strong>16. \u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5206\u6790<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff1a\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u7406\u4f1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u6d3b\u52a8\u5417\uff1f\u5c31\u5f53\u4f5c\u662f\u5916\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u5a31\u4e50\u6d3b\u52a8\u6216\u8005\u5927\u578b\u4f5c\u79c0\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u8005\u4e3b\u529e\u65b9\u627e\u5230\u4f60\u54a8\u8be2\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u4ee5\u201c\u592a\u5fd9\u4e0d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u201d\u56de\u7edd\u5417\uff1f\u4f60\u4f1a\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u6587\u7136\u540e\u5c31\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4e86\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u89c2\u70b9\u8fa9\u62a4\u8005\uff1a\u4f60\u4f1a\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u8ba8\u8bba\u4f1a\u5417\uff1f\u4f60\u4f1a\u53bb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u6b21\u5730\u65b9\u5c0f\u4f1a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6210\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u7684\u987e\u95ee\u5417\uff1f\u4f60\u4f1a\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e2aNGO\u7ad9\u53f0\u5417\uff1f\u4f60\u4f1a\u5728\u4f1a\u8bae\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u53bb\u4e0e\u7acb\u573a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u636e\u7406\u529b\u4e89\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684DNA\u6539\u9020\u8fc7, \u6211\u60f3\u7ed9\u4f60\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u8ddf\u4f60\u8ba8\u8bba\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u201d (CAE\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1987\u5e74, \u8be6\u89c1\uff1ahttp:\/\/critical-art.net\/)<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 2002\u5e74\uff0cCAE\u7b56\u5212\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u5206\u5b50\u5165\u4fb5\u201d\u7684\u5c55\u89c8\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u9009\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u751f\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u65e0\u6bd2\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u8bd5\u5242\u5bf9\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u6297\u8349\u7518\u81a6\u6cb9\u83dc\u3001\u7389\u7c73\u548c\u5927\u8c46\u8fdb\u884c\u9006\u5411\u5de5\u7a0b\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u573a\u516c\u5f00\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d, CAE 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2006\u5e74\uff0c\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u4e09\u87ba\u65cb\u201d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u793e\u56e2\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u65ad\u62d3\u5c55\u5916\u90e8\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u904d\u5e03\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u793e\u56e2\u3002\u5251\u6865\u4e09\u87ba\u65cb\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u79d1\u5b66\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u9762\u5411\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4ed6\u4eec\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6bd4\u8f83\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u8fa9\u8bba\u8d5b\u3002\u793e\u56e2\u7ed9250\u4e2a\u5b66\u6821\u5199\u4fe1\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u4e8630\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u768450\u540d\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u53c2\u52a0\u8fa9\u8bba\u8d5b\u3002\u8fa9\u8bba\u8d5b\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u9605\u8bfb\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0<\/p>\n<p>2. \u4ece\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u627e\u51fa\u56db\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u4e00\u573a\u4ee5\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u904f\u5236\u80a5\u80d6\u6d41\u884c\u201d\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u56db\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\uff08A\uff09\u65e0\u9650\u533b\u4fdd\uff1b\uff08B\uff09\u5f81\u6536\u201c\u80a5\u80d6\u7a0e\u201d\uff1b\uff08C\uff09\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6700\u4f73\u751f\u6d3b\u72b6\u6001\u6765\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u201c\u953b\u70bc\u6210\u4e3a\u6bcf\u65e5\u5fc5\u9700\u201d\uff1b\uff08D\uff09\u6559\u80b2\u4eba\u4eec\u4ee5\u66f4\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3. \u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u5206\u7ec4\uff0c\u6bcf\u7ec4\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u8fa9\u8bba<\/p>\n<p>4. \u8fa9\u8bba\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u6295\u7968\u51b3\u5b9a\u8f93\u8d62<\/p>\n<p>5. \u7136\u540e\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6362\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u8d5e\u6210\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u6362\u8fb9\u7684\u7406\u7531<\/p>\n<p>6. \u6362\u8fb9\u4e4b\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u5230\u6700\u540e\u518d\u6b21\u6295\u7968\u51b3\u5b9a\u8f93\u8d62<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8fd9\u9879\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u3002\u8fa9\u8bba\u8d5b\u662f\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u4e00\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u80fd\u5438\u5f15\u5b66\u751f\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u5728\u6295\u5165\u8fa9\u8bba\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5207\u8eab\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u8fd0\u7528\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u6765\u8bf4\u670d\u522b\u4eba\u3002\u800c\u4ea4\u6362\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u953b\u70bc\u6362\u4f4d\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>21. \u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a\u6c9f\u901a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u9009\u62e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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\u5bf9\u8bdd\u6a21\u578b\uff1a\u516c\u4f17\u4e3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u610f\u89c1\u3001\u6001\u5ea6\u3001\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u53c2\u4e0e\u6a21\u578b\uff1a\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fdb\u884c\u51b3\u7b56<\/p>\n<p><strong>22. \u8bfe\u540e\u8ba8\u8bba\/\u4f5c\u4e1a\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8bbe\u60f3\u4f60\u8981\u53bb\u53c2\u52a0\u4e00\u9879\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u7c7b\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u6f14\u8bb2\/\u63a5\u53d7\u5a92\u4f53\u91c7\u8bbf<\/p>\n<p>2. \u7f51\u4e0a\u8ba8\u8bba\uff08\u5fae\u535a\u3001\u5fae\u4fe1\u3001\u77e5\u4e4e\u3001\u8bba\u575b\uff09<\/p>\n<p>3. \u5e03\u5c55\uff08\u53c2\u52a0\u57ce\u5e02\u79d1\u5b66\u8282\u6216\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u5f00\u653e\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\n<p>4. \u53c2\u52a0\u5ea7\u8c08\u4f1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f60\u9700\u8981\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u51c6\u5907\uff1f\u601d\u8003\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u4f60\u4ee5\u4ec0\u4e48\u8eab\u4efd\u53c2\u4e0e\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>2. \u4f60\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u5982\u4f55\uff1f\uff08\u662f\u5426\u91cd\u8981\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u7d27\u6025\uff1f\uff09<\/p>\n<p>3. \u4f60\u7684\u53d7\u4f17\u662f\u8c01\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>4. \u4f60\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u662f\u8c01\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>5. \u4f60\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; ESRC\u9879\u76ee\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u6587\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5757 &nbsp; \u7b2c\u56db\u8bfe \u8bb2\u4e49 \uff08\u8bd5\u7528\u7a3f\uff09 &nbsp; Instructions\u8bb2\u4e49\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a \u8bf7\u53c2\u7167\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u9605\u8bfb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u6807\u9898\u6570\u5b57\u6307\u4ee3\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u76f8\u5e94\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\u8bb2\u4e49\u7531\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u793a\u4e3a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u76f8\u5e94\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u4e3a\u6559\u5e08\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u8d44\u6599\u53ca\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u601d\u8def\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u60a8\u82e5\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u548cEMR\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u80af\u7279\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5f20\u60a6\u60a6\u6559\u6388\u8054\u7cfb\u7d22\u53d6\uff1ay.zhang-203@kent.ac.uk\uff09 Main Text\u8bb2\u4e49\u6b63\u6587 1. \u7b2c\u56db\u8bfe \u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\uff1a\u56fd\u9645\u7ecf\u9a8c &#8211; \u4e0a\u4e00\u8bfe\u6211\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u9014\u5f84\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u9879\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5176\u95f4\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5185\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u5c06\u66f4\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002 &#8211; \u6709\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u77e5\u9053\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7528\u5462\uff1f\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u672a\u5fc5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u60c5\u554a\u3002\u201d 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