{"id":188,"date":"2018-04-10T10:03:17","date_gmt":"2018-04-10T09:03:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/upgrade-gsa\/?p=188"},"modified":"2019-05-09T10:12:47","modified_gmt":"2019-05-09T09:12:47","slug":"lecture-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/2018\/04\/10\/lecture-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Lecture 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 25%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-188 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-full'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.001.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.001.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.001.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.001-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.002.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.002.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.002.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.002-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.003.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.003.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 3\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.003.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.003-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.004.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.004.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 4\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.004.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.004-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.005.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.005.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 5\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.005.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.005-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.006.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.006.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 6\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.006.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.006-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.007.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.007.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 7\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.007.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.007-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.008.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.008.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 8\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.008.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.008-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.009.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.009.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 9\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.009.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.009-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.010.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.010.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 10\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.010.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.010-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.011.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.011.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 11\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.011.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.011-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.012.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.012.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 12\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.012.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.012-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.013.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.013.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 13\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.013.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.013-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.014.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.014.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 14\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.014.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.014-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.015.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.015.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 15\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.015.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.015-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.016.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.016.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 16\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.016.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.016-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.017.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.017.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 17\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.017.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.017-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.018.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.018.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 18\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.018.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.018-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.018-768x432.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.019.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.019.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 19\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.019.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.019-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.020.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.020.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 3 Slide 20\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.020.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-3.020-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>ESRC\u9879\u76ee\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u6587\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5757<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282\u8bfe \u8bb2\u4e49<\/h4>\n<h4>\uff08\u8bd5\u7528\u7a3f\uff09<\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Instructions\u8bb2\u4e49\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8bf7\u53c2\u7167\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u9605\u8bfb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u6807\u9898\u6570\u5b57\u6307\u4ee3\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u76f8\u5e94\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\u8bb2\u4e49\u7531\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u793a\u4e3a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u76f8\u5e94\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u4e3a\u6559\u5e08\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u8d44\u6599\u53ca\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u601d\u8def\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u60a8\u82e5\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u548cEMR\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u80af\u7279\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5f20\u60a6\u60a6\u6559\u6388\u8054\u7cfb\u7d22\u53d6\uff1ay.zhang-203@kent.ac.uk\uff09<\/p>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h4>Main Text\u8bb2\u4e49\u6b63\u6587<\/h4>\n<p><strong>1. \u7b2c\u4e09\u8bfe\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8bfe\u524d5\u5206\u949f\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u8bf7\u5bf9\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u8868\u770b\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u524d\u4e24\u6b21\u8bfe\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u6c9f\u901a\u3001\u53cc\u5411\u4ea4\u6d41\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u7814\u754c\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u5bb6\u5370\u8c61\u91cc\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u76ee\u524d\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u505a\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u9014\u5f84\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u731c\u6d4b\u5927\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u4f1a\u4e3b\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u4f20\u7edf\u79d1\u666e\u6e20\u9053\uff1a\u6bd4\u5982\u7ed9\u62a5\u7eb8\u5199\u6587\u7ae0\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u7535\u89c6\u548c\u5e7f\u64ad\u7684\u8282\u76ee\u3001\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u3001\u64ad\u5ba2\u3001\u77e5\u4e4e\u95ee\u7b54\u3001\u79d1\u666e\u5468\u3001\u62cd\u6444\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u76f4\u64ad\u3001\u7ed9\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u6216\u793e\u533a\u4e0a\u8bfe\u3001\u5f00\u5ea7\u8c08\u4f1a\u3001\u79d1\u666e\u6444\u5f71\u5c55\u3001\u79d1\u534f\u6d3b\u52a8\u7b49\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f20\u64ad\u5df2\u7ecf\u7a81\u7834\u4f20\u7edf\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u79d1\u666e\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u63ba\u6742\u7740\u5f88\u591a\u4e92\u52a8\u5143\u7d20\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u77e5\u4e4e\u7b49\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u6709\u7b54\u6709\u8bc4\u8bba\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u53cd\u9a73\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f88\u591a\u79d1\u666e\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u5bf9\u65b9\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u5bf9\u65b9\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fdb\u6765\uff08\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u201c\u884c\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4e60\u60ef\uff0f\u504f\u597d\u6539\u53d8\u201d\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u793e\u533a\u5783\u573e\u5206\u7c7b\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\u6539\u53d8\u67d0\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u996e\u98df\u4e60\u60ef\u3001\u5582\u517b\u4e60\u60ef\u2014\u2014\u591a\u5403\u852c\u83dc\u7b49\uff0c\u672a\u5fc5\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u63a5\u7eb3\u5f88\u591a\u65b0\u79d1\u6280\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u884c\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u73b0\u5728\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u201c\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. \u53c2\u4e0e\u9014\u5f84<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6839\u636e\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u9879\u76ee\u3001\u5e73\u53f0\u3001\u5a92\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u9879\u76ee\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u3001\u4e00\u573a\u6d3b\u52a8\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u4e3e\u529e\u591a\u573a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u5927\u7c73\u54c1\u5c1d\u4f1a\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u3002\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u5e73\u53f0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u201d\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4e34\u65f6\u805a\u96c6\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u529e\u5b8c\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u89e3\u6563\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5e73\u53f0\u662f\u7531\u67d0\u4e00\u673a\u6784\u8fd0\u8425\u6216\u63d0\u4f9b\u7a33\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u5982\u8bba\u575b\u3001\u6c99\u9f99\u3001\u7f51\u7ad9\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u957f\u671f\u5f00\u5c55\u4e0d\u540c\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u6700\u8fd1\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u5e73\u53f0\u201d\u662f\u7531\u8c01\u6765\u642d\u5efa\u7684\uff1a\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u9ad8\u6559\u90e8\u95e8\uff08\u79d1\u534f\u3001\u79d1\u6280\u9986\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u5927\u5b66\uff09\u8d44\u52a9\u627f\u62c5\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u642d\u5efa\u4e0d\u4ec5\u79c1\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4f17\u7b79\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u662f\u8349\u6839\u5316\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5a92\u4f53\u5219\u662f\u6307\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u3001\u62a5\u7eb8\u3001\u7f51\u7ad9\u7b49\u5373\u6210\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5a92\u4f53\u6e20\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8fd9\u4e09\u7c7b\u9014\u5f84\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u544a\u8bc9\u5927\u5bb6\uff0c\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u548c\u5207\u5165\u70b9\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e13\u9879\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u6e20\u9053\u3001\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f3a\u8c03\u5f88\u591a\u6b21\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u53cc\u5411\u7684\uff0c\u8ba9\u516c\u4f17\u80fd\u5728\u4ea4\u6d41\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u6211\u4eec\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u80fd\u4e3b\u52a8\u53bb\u878d\u5165\u548c\u4e86\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. \u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u9014\u5f84\uff0d1\uff1a\u9879\u76ee<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5927\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9879\u76ee\u9080\u8bf7\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u79d1\u6280\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u601d\u8003\u548c\u8868\u6001\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u5bf9\u597d\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u81ea\u6210\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9879\u76ee\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4eba\u4e8b\u5148\u6709\u660e\u786e\u548c\u5468\u8be6\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f80\u5f80\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4ea4\u6d41\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\u7fa4\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u9884\u5148\u7b5b\u9009\u6216\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e3e\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50 \uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u53f3\u56fe\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a1981\u5e74\u2014\u2014\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u5904\u4e8e\u51b7\u6218\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u7740\u6bd4\u62fc\u6838\u5f39\u5934\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u519b\u5907\u7ade\u8d5b\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53ebBarbara Donarchy\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u65c5\u6e38\u65f6\uff0c\u9047\u4e0a\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5efa\u9020\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5f00\u59cb\u6784\u601d\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5411\u4e16\u4eba\u5c55\u73b0\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u3002\u5979\u60f3\u8981\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u4eec\u719f\u6089\u7684\u3001\u5e73\u9759\u7684\u3001\u63a5\u5730\u6c14\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8868\u73b0\u8fdc\u79bb\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u3001\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u6838\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u7528\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u5916\u89c2\u6765\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5371\u9669\u3001\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5979\u7b56\u5212\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u7425\u73c0\u8272\u6ce2\u6d6a\u201d\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5c55\u3002\u5979\u53ec\u96c6\u4e8670\u591a\u4eba\u521b\u9020\u4e8631500\u4e2a\u9676\u74f7\u9525\u4f53, \u8fd9\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\uff08\u51b7\u6218\u65f6\u671f\uff09\u7f8e\u56fd\u5175\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u6838\u5f39\u5934\u603b\u6570, \u8fd8\u6709\u5fae\u578b\u9676\u74f7\u8f70\u70b8\u673a\u3001\u6f5c\u8247\u548c\u5bfc\u5f39, \u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u4e09\u79cd\u6218\u7565\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u8fd0\u8f7d\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5c55\u89c8\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd15\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u67cf\u6797\u5c55\u51fa\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u6570\u5343\u540d\u53c2\u89c2\u8005\u30021985\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u53c2\u89c2\u8005\u8bf4\u201c\u8fd9\uff08\u6307\u6838\u7ade\u8d5b\uff09\u663e\u7136\u662f\u75af\u72c2\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u9976\u6055\u7684\u3002\uff08This makes the obviously insane unforgivable.\uff09\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u51e0\u70b9\uff0c\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u7b56\u5212\u516c\u5171\u9879\u76ee\u5e38\u5e38\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u529b\u5e76\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4f20\u8fbe\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u540e\u9762\u4f1a\u8bb2\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u79d1\u6280\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u672a\u5fc5\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u548c\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5f00\u52a8\u8111\u9645\u6316\u6398\u591a\u79cd\u5a92\u4ecb\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u56fd\u5185\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u5de6\u56fe\u663e\u793a\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u5bb4\u2014\u2014\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\u54c1\u5c1d\u4f1a\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u5728\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u5927\u7c73\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u65b9\u9762\u6295\u5165\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u534e\u4e2d\u519c\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u6297\u866b\u5bb3\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u6c34\u7a3b\u57282009\u5e74\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u519c\u4e1a\u90e8\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u76f4\u672a\u80fd\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u79cd\u690d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e70\u4e0d\u5230\u4e5f\u5403\u4e0d\u5230\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u76d1\u7ba1\u5ba1\u6279\u6d41\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u516c\u4f17\u4ece\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u73af\u5883\u98ce\u9669\u89d2\u5ea6\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u8d28\u7591\u548c\u53cd\u5bf9\u58f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e3a\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u201c\u633a\u8f6c\u6d3e\u201d\u5c31\u4ee5\u201c\u8eab\u4f53\u529b\u884c\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ece2011 \u5e745 \u6708\u52302015 \u5e7410 \u67084 \u5e74\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u636e\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\u54c1\u5c1d\u4f1a\u8d85\u8fc7\u767e\u573a\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u4eba\u6b21\u8fbe4 000 \u591a\u3002\u54c1\u5c1d\u4f1a\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u5206\u5e03\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u3001\u4f01\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5355\u4f4d\u548c\u5728\u6821\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc775%\u7684\u5b66\u5386\u5728\u672c\u79d1\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u65e2\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c42\u9762\u7684\uff08\u5411\u5bb6\u4eba\u201c\u79d1\u666e\u201d\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4eb2\u53cb\u80fd\u591f\u5403\u5230\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\u66f4\u4e3a\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u7269\u7f8e\u4ef7\u5ec9\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u5c42\u9762\u7684\uff08\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u76d1\u7ba1\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u6297\u866b\u5bb3\u6297\u9664\u8349\u5242\u7684\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u6c34\u7a3b\u6709\u4e86\u5b89\u5168\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u4f46\u519c\u6c11\u60f3\u79cd\u5374\u79cd\u4e0d\u4e86\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\uff08\u5173\u5fc3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7cae\u98df\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5f18\u626c\u79d1\u5b66\u7cbe\u795e\u5f00\u542f\u6c11\u667a\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u7531\u7f51\u6c11\u81ea\u53d1\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7231\u597d\u8005\u548c\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5411\u534e\u4e2d\u519c\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u5927\u7c73\uff0c\u5728\u7f51\u4e0a\u62db\u52df\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u9152\u5e97\u6216\u4ee5\u6237\u5916\u91ce\u9910\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3e\u884c\u54c1\u5c1d\u4f1a\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u8fd8\u4f34\u968f\u6709\u5609\u5bbe\u6f14\u8bb2\u548c\u79d1\u666e\u4ea4\u6d41\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u62cd\u7167\u4e0a\u4f20\u5230\u7f51\u7edc\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba3\u4f20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7531\u4e8e\u633a\u8f6c\u6d3e\u548c\u53cd\u8f6c\u6d3e\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u7684\u8206\u8bba\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u6709\u7740\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u633a\u8f6c\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u8206\u8bba\u7684\u58f0\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u53cd\u8f6c\u6d3e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7eaf\u5c5e\u4f5c\u79c0\uff0c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6253\u6d88\u5176\u5bf9\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u7591\u8651\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\u5176\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u6d3b\u52a8\u573a\u5408\u51fa\u73b0\u4e89\u7aef\uff0c\u5bf9\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u9650\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba9\u53cd\u8f6c\u6d3e\u53c2\u52a0\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u8ba9\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u4e92\u52a8\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. \u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u9014\u5f84\uff0d2\uff1a\u5e73\u53f0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e00\u8bf4\u201c\u5e73\u53f0\u201d\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u5c31\u5f88\u9ad8\u5927\u4e0a\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u6700\u597d\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u5730\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u201c\u5e73\u53f0\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u66f4\u591a\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u505a\u4e8b\u7684\u201c\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u3002\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6e20\u9053\uff08\u6216\u8005\u662f\u573a\u5730\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u79d1\u6280\u8bae\u9898\u5f00\u5c55\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5851\u9020\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u5f53\u5730\u6c11\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u79d1\u6280\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8f66\u5e93\u5496\u5561\u548c\u521b\u5ba2\u7a7a\u95f4\u80fd\u591f\u96c6\u805a\u521b\u4e1a\u8005\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u79d1\u6280\u9986\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6253\u9020\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u70ed\u60c5\u7684\u793e\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6b27\u7f8e\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u975e\u5e38\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\uff08Caf\u00e9 Scientifique\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u666e\u901a\u516c\u4f17\u5728\u5496\u5561\u9986\u3001\u9152\u5427\u3001\u9910\u9986\u3001\u5267\u9662\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u8fdc\u79bb\u5b66\u672f\u73af\u5883\u548c\u6c1b\u56f4\u7684\u573a\u5408\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5927\u591a\u662f\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u7684\u9662\u7cfb\u81ea\u5df1\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u533a\u57df\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u8054\u7f51\u4e00\u8d77\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u9009\u62e9\u5728\u5496\u5561\u9986\u91cc\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6c14\u6c1b\u6bd4\u8f83\u8f7b\u677e\uff0c\u4ea4\u5927\u5bb6\u8fb9\u5403\u8fb9\u559d\u8fb9\u804a\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5496\u5561\u9986\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u867d\u7136\u5f88\u591a\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\u8fd8\u662f\u591a\u5c11\u4f9d\u8d56\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u4ea4\u6d41\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u4f17\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u8bb2\u8ff0\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u524d\u6cbf\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u201c\u6743\u5a01\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u201c\u6559\u6388\u201d\u5927\u4f17\u67d0\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u548c\u542c\u4f17\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u672f\u4e1a\u6709\u4e13\u653b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u5728\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u6c11\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u542c\u4f17\u518d\u4ece\u5404\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u95ee\u3001\u63a2\u8ba8\u3001\u8865\u5145\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b8c\u5584\u6574\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u591a\u89d2\u5ea6\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u5b9a\u671f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u9080\u8bf7\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u666e\u901a\u516c\u4f17\u6765\u4ea4\u8c08\u4e92\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e73\u53f0\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e86\u30022003\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u5904\uff08British Council\uff09\u5c06\u8be5\u6d3b\u52a8\u5f15\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u5357\u4eac\u7b49\u5730\u534f\u529e\u201c\u79d1\u6280\u5496\u5561\u9986\u201d\uff0c2005\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u201c\u65b0\u6c11\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\u201d\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u5df2\u4e3e\u529e\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fbe200\u591a\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u9664\u4e86\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\uff08Caf\u00e9 Scientifique\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u534f\u8fd8\u4e3b\u529e\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5a92\u4f53\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u201d\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08\u53f3\u56fe\uff09\uff0c\u5b9a\u671f\u56f4\u7ed5\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u666e\u70ed\u70b9\uff0c\u9080\u8bf7\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5a92\u4f53\u8bb0\u8005\u5f00\u5c55\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u4ece2011\u5e743\u6708\u8d77\u52302014\u5e749\u6708\u5171\u4e3e\u529e\u4e8649\u671f\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u671f\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u89c6\u9891\u548c\u73b0\u573a\u6587\u5b57\u5b9e\u5f55\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u666e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u79d1\u5b66\u5a92\u4ecb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\u4e0a\u770b\u5230http:\/\/csmc.crisp.org.cn\/html\/face2face\/<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5a92\u4f53\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u201d\u5e73\u53f0\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u8bb0\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5730\u57df\u548c\u53d7\u4f17\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5c40\u9650\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u8986\u76d6\u5230\u66f4\u5e7f\u7684\u5730\u57df\u548c\u66f4\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u53d7\u4f17\u3002\u5c0f\u57ce\u9547\u548c\u519c\u6751\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u4e0d\u592a\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u53bb\u53c2\u52a0\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u91cc\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u5316\u5c42\u6b21\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\u5174\u8da3\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u65b0\u95fb\u3001\u62a5\u7eb8\u3001\u5927\u578b\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u79d1\u6280\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u516c\u4f17\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u5a92\u4f53\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4ecb\uff0c\u8ba9\u65b0\u95fb\u673a\u6784\u3001\u8bb0\u8005\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u4e92\u52a8\u6c9f\u901a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f20\u8bdd\u4eba\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u9762\u5411\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u8981\u8bd5\u56fe\u5411\u5916\u884c\u3001\u516c\u4f17\u3001\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u4f20\u9012\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u518d\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u6613\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f20\u8fbe\u51fa\u53bb\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u4e5f\u8981\u4ee3\u8868\u5916\u884c\u516c\u4f17\u5411\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f20\u8fbe\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u7acb\u573a\u548c\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>5.\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u9014\u5f84-3\uff1a\u5a92\u4f53<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \uff08\u63a5\u4e0a\u6587\uff09\u65e2\u7136\u5a92\u4f53\u8fd9\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53e3\u4f17\u591a\u3001\u5730\u57df\u8fbd\u9614\u540c\u65f6\u6587\u5316\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u8f83\u9ad8\uff08\u6c49\u5b57\u548c\u666e\u901a\u8bdd\u666e\u53ca\u7387\u9ad8\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u5c31\u5c11\u4e0d\u4e86\u53d7\u4f17\u8986\u76d6\u9762\u5e7f\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u6b21\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u5927\u7c73\u54c1\u5c1d\u4f1a\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\uff1b\u4e3e\u529e\u4e00\u6b21\u79d1\u5b66\u5496\u5561\u9986\uff0c\u5ba3\u4f20\u505a\u5f97\u597d\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u573a\u5730\u8db3\u591f\u5927\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u80fd\u6709\u4e03\u516b\u5341\u751a\u81f3\u4e0a\u767e\u4eba\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u65b0\u6d6a\u5fae\u535a\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927V\u53d1\u4e00\u6761\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6570\u5343\u6761\u56de\u590d\u3001\u6570\u4e07\u6761\u8f6c\u53d1\u548c\u70b9\u8d5e\uff08\u6d41\u91cf\u660e\u661f\u6570\u5341\u4e07\uff09\uff1b\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u3001\u5149\u660e\u65e5\u62a5\u4e0a\u53d1\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5728\u592e\u89c6\u4e0a\u5f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u76ee\uff0c\u90a3\u53d7\u4f17\u4eba\u6570\u4e4b\u591a\u3001\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5e7f\u4e5f\u53ef\u60f3\u800c\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u968f\u7740\u79d1\u6280\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79d1\u6280\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u5404\u5927\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u79d1\u6280\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u95fb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u91c7\u8bbf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5236\u4f5c\u79d1\u666e\u8282\u76ee\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6709\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u4f1a\u60f3\uff0c\u80fd\u4e0a\u592e\u89c6\u5f55\u8282\u76ee\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u91c7\u8bbf\u6216\u8005\u7ed9\u62a5\u7eb8\u5199\u7a3f\uff0c\u90a3\u90fd\u5f97\u662f\u9662\u58eb\u3001\u8457\u540d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5927\u724c\u6559\u6388\u624d\u884c\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u5b66\u5b50\u90fd\u4e0d\u591f\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5a01\u4fe1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4e0e\u79d1\u6280\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u591a\u7684\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u680f\u76ee\u3001\u8282\u76ee\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u591a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8282\u76ee\u90fd\u80fd\u8bf7\u5230\u4e13\u4e1a\u5bf9\u53e3\u7684\u5927\u8155\u513f\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u59a8\u8003\u8651\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u7ea6\u7a3f\u3001\u91c7\u8bbf\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u6b63\u6240\u8c13\u5927\u5496\u6709\u5927\u5496\u7684\u5149\u8292\uff0c\u5c0f\u5496\u6709\u5c0f\u5496\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u3002\u6709\u7684\u662f\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u592e\u89c6\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u3001\u65b0\u6d6a\u3001\u641c\u72d0\u7b49\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u666e\u7c7b\u7684\u9891\u9053\u6216\u8005\u4e13\u680f\u3002\u6709\u7684\u662f\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u7c7b\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u79d1\u6280\u90e8\u4e3b\u529e\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u6280\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u3001\u4e2d\u79d1\u9662\u4e3b\u529e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7f51\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u58f3\u7f51\u3001\u4e01\u9999\u56ed\u3002\u5927\u8155\u513f\u5a92\u4f53\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u627e\u5927\u8155\u513f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u6743\u5a01\u6027\u3002\u800c\u679c\u58f3\u7f51\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u3001\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u7b49\u9752\u5e74\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u65f6\u5c1a\u548c\u8da3\u5473\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>6.\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u76ee\u6807\u5206\u7c7b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u662f\u4e09\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u90a3\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9014\u5f84\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u6c9f\u901a\u65f6\u8fd8\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u9009\u62e9\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u66f4\u6709\u6548<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u544a\u77e5<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u54a8\u8be2<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5408\u4f5c<\/p>\n<p><strong>7.\u4ee5\u201c\u544a\u77e5\u201d\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u544a\u77e5\u201d\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u79d1\u666e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u5411\u5916\u884c\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u4f20\u9012\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5f53\u7136\u968f\u7740\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u79d1\u5b66\u4f20\u64ad\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u9010\u6e10\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u9700\u8981\u544a\u77e5\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u76f8\u5173\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6210\u679c\u3001\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u4ea7\u51fa\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u544a\u77e5\u516c\u4f17\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u67d0\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u516c\u4f17\u4f1a\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u77e5\u9053\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1f\u6709\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u4f1a\u60f3\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u5408\u7406\u3001\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u6d6a\u8d39\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u798f\u5229\u3001\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u9075\u5faa\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u6709\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u4f1a\u60f3\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5468\u5168\u3001\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u624d\u80fd\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5931\u8d25\u8fd8\u662f\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4ea7\u54c1\u2014\u2014\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\u548c\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u9664\u4e86\u8ba9\u516c\u4f17\u589e\u52a0\u5bf9\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u5ea6\uff0c\u544a\u77e5\u76ee\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u63d0\u9ad8\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u4f53\u79d1\u5b66\u7d20\u517b\uff08scientific literacy\uff09\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u9762\u5bf9\u8bf8\u5982\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u73af\u5883\u98ce\u9669\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u4f5c\u51fa\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4ee5\u544a\u77e5\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5305\u62ec\u5236\u4f5c\u97f3\u89c6\u9891\u3001\u6f14\u8bb2\u548c\u5c55\u793a\u3001\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u5199\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>8.\u4ee5\u201c\u54a8\u8be2\u201d\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u54a8\u8be2\u201d\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u544a\u77e5\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5411\u5916\u884c\u516c\u4f17\u4f20\u64ad\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u54a8\u8be2\u5c31\u662f\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u7531\u5916\u884c\u516c\u4f17\u5411\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f20\u9012\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u63d0\u5230\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u5927\u6982\u5c31\u662f\u79d1\u6280\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u8d44\u8baf\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4e86\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u9700\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5916\u884c\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u9c9c\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5bf9\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u6240\u542f\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u6ca1\u9519\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b1\uff1a\u5f39\u6027\u5047\u9ec4\u7624 (Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum, \u7b80\u79f0PXE)\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9057\u4f20\u75c5\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ebPXE\u56fd\u9645\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eb2\u5c5e\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6536\u96c6\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75c5\u60a3\u53ca\u5bb6\u5c5e\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u751f\u7406\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6837\u672c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u5173\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u60f3\u8981\u83b7\u53d6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6837\u672c\u3001\u5bb6\u65cf\u53f2\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5c31\u5f97\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u540c\u610f\u624d\u80fd\u7528\u6765\u505a\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u51fa\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u6216\u8005\u7533\u8bf7\u4e13\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7f72\u540d\u4e3a\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u3002PXE \u56fd\u9645\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u65b0\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f, &#8220;\u5916\u884c&#8221; \u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f &#8220;DNA \u7684\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005&#8221;, \u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u3002\u4e0a\u4e00\u8bfe\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u5230\u8fc7\u201c\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u540c\u884c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u60a3\u8005\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u7f51\u7edc, \u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u628a\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u8054\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u9700\u8981\u6536\u96c6\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c \u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5e76\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5174\u8da3\u6210\u4e3a\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,PXE\u6a21\u5f0f\u80fd\u5728\u4f55\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u8fd8\u662f\u672a\u77e5\u4e4b\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9700\u8981\u642d\u5efa\u957f\u671f\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u4fe1\u4efb\u624d\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u548c\u4e0b\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\u201c\u5408\u4f5c\u201d\u6709\u4ea4\u53c9\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\u660e\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u6216\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5b502\uff1a2005\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u4e3a\u671f\u4e94\u5468\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\uff08citizen jury\uff09\u6d3b\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u7eb3\u7c73\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\uff08Nanojury UK\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u6b21\u6d3b\u52a8\u7531\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u7ebd\u5361\u65af\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u536b\u62a5\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7eff\u8272\u548c\u5e73\u8054\u5408\u4e3b\u529e\uff0c\u4ece\u5e02\u6c11\u4e2d\u968f\u673a\u6311\u9009\u51fa20\u540d\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u966a\u5ba1\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u542c\u53d6\u4e13\u5bb6\u8bc1\u4eba\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\u5546\u8bae\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u88c1\u51b3\u3002\u88ab\u9009\u4e2d\u53c2\u52a0\u6b64\u6b21\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u8bc1\u4eba\u5206\u522b\u6765\u81ea\u8c22\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u79d1\u6280\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7ETC\u5c0f\u7ec4\u3001\u7eb3\u7c73\u6295\u8d44\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u56f4\u7ed5\u7eb3\u7c73\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u6bcf\u4f4d\u4e13\u5bb6\u8bc1\u4eba\u8981\u5411\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u505a\u5927\u7ea615\u5206\u949f\u7684\u53e3\u5934\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u966a\u5ba1\u5458\u542c\u4e0d\u61c2\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u4f1a\u88ab\u51fa\u793a\u201c\u7ea2\u724c\u201d\u8b66\u544a\u3002\u966a\u5ba1\u5458\u6709\u542c\u4e0d\u61c2\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8981\u6c42\u4e13\u5bb6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6f84\u6e05\u3002\u9648\u8ff0\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u8981\u95ed\u95e8\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c31\u67d0\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u518d\u6b21\u8bf7\u56de\u4e13\u5bb6\u8bc1\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u8d28\u8be2\u3002\u8ba8\u8bba\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u8981\u7ed9\u51fa\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u201c\u88c1\u51b3\u201d\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u957f\u8fbe\u4e94\u5468\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u542c\u8bc1\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u6700\u7ec8\u201c\u88c1\u51b3\u201d\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec20\u6761\u5173\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7c73\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5341\u6761\u83b7\u5f97\u591a\u6570\u966a\u5ba1\u5458\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u5408\u6210\u7684\u7eb3\u7c73\u9897\u7c92\u8fdb\u884c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u5c06\u7eb3\u7c73\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u73af\u5883\u7b49\u957f\u8fdc\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7eb3\u7c73\u533b\u836f\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u5e02\u6c11\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u201c\u54a8\u8be2\u201d\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u62c5\u5fe7\u548c\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff081\uff09\u4e13\u5bb6\u8bc1\u4eba\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u5e02\u6c11\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u6001\u5ea6\u4f1a\u662f\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u786e\u7684\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5145\u5206\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u8ba8\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u8ba9\u516c\u4f17\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89c6\u89d2\u3001\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u7acb\u573a\u76f8\u4e92\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8fbe\u6210\u6709\u6548\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u8bc6\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u5411\u4e13\u5bb6\u8bc1\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u8d28\u8be2\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5916\u884c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>9. \u4ee5\u201c\u5408\u4f5c\u201d\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e09\u7c7b\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u5408\u4f5c\u201d\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u83b7\u5f97\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u652f\u6301\u548c\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u79d1\u7814\u6210\u679c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u6ee1\u8db3\u516c\u4f17\u9700\u8981\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5171\u8d62\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6765\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u83b7\u5f97\u5e2e\u624b\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u83b7\u5f97\u53c2\u4e0e\u611f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5171\u540c\u4ea7\u51fa\u79d1\u5b66\u6210\u679c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u542c\u8bf4\u8fc7\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e1a\u4f59\u7231\u597d\u8005\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e13\u4e1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u89c2\u5bdf\u9e1f\u7c7b\u8fc1\u5f99\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u3001\u89c2\u661f\u3001\u76d1\u542c\u592a\u7a7a\u4fe1\u53f7\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5c31\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5408\u4f5c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\u6709\u70b9\u6982\u5ff5\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u5927\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff08TBBT\uff09\u201d\u7684\u9879\u76ee\uff1a\u51e0\u4e07\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u73a9\u624b\u6e38\u5c31\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u5927\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff08The Big Bell Test\uff09: \u4eba\u7c7b\u968f\u673a\u6027\u9a71\u52a8\u91cf\u5b50\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u610f\u56fe\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u9996\u6b21\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\uff08\u53c8\u540d\u8d1d\u5c14\u5458\uff09\u51b3\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9700\u8981\u81f3\u5c1130000\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e5d\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5927\u5b66\uff09\u8054\u5408\u5f00\u5c55\u8fd9\u9879\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u57282016\u5e7411\u670830\u65e5\u8fd9\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4ece\u5927\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5b98\u7f51 www.thebigbelltest.org\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u7f51\u9875\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u73a9\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u968f\u673a\u7684\u5305\u542b0\u4e0e1\u7684\u6570\u5217\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u5c06\u88ab\u5b9e\u65f6\u4f20\u9001\u5230\u5404\u5730\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u6765\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u4f53\u5305\u62ec\u539f\u5b50\u3001\u5149\u5b50\u3001\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u516c\u6c11\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u5229\u7528\u6c11\u95f4\u529b\u91cf\u805a\u5c11\u6210\u591a\u5e2e\u52a9\u89e3\u51b3\u79d1\u7814\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6559\u80b2\u516c\u4f17\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u5ea6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u73af\u5883\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>10\u00a0\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff1aPPPI\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u9700\u8981\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u5730\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9002\u5408\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u5957\u57fa\u4e8e\u76ee\u7684\uff08Purpose\uff09-\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08Person\uff09-\u6d41\u7a0b\uff08Process\uff09-\u5f71\u54cd\uff08Impact\uff09\u56db\u7ef4\u5ea6\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0PPPI\u6cd5\u3002\u82e5\u60f3\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95eeNCCPE\u7f51\u7ad9\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; https:\/\/www.publicengagement.ac.uk\/plan-it<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; https:\/\/www.publicengagement.ac.uk\/do-it<\/p>\n<p><strong>11\u00a0\u76ee\u7684<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8981\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u660e\u786e\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\uff1f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8fd9\u9879\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u60f3\u8981\u83b7\u5f97\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fc7\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u2014\u2014\u544a\u77e5\u3001\u54a8\u8be2\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5728\u8fd9\u4e09\u5927\u7c7b\u76ee\u6807\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u660e\u786e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u542f\u53d1\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u3001\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u6216\u5bb6\u5ead\u5bf9\u4f60\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u6216\u5b66\u79d1\u611f\u5174\u8da3<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f20\u64ad\u4f60\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f7f\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u79d1\u7814\u9879\u76ee\u6216\u5e2e\u52a9\u5f62\u6210\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u54a8\u8be2\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u4f60\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u52a8\u5458\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u4f60\u7684\u7814\u7a76<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u5408\u4f5c\u5f00\u53d1\u6216\u8005\u8fd0\u8425\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u6216\u6d3b\u52a8<\/p>\n<p>\u53c2\u89c1\uff1ahttps:\/\/www.publicengagement.ac.uk\/plan-it\/why-engage<\/p>\n<p><strong>12\u00a0\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u9879\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u8981\u8003\u8651\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u53c2\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u80cc\u666f\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u9879\u9762\u5bf9\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\/\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u9879\u9762\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u767d\u9886\u3001\u516c\u52a1\u5458\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u9000\u4f11\u8001\u4eba\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u4f1a\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u660e\u786e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8981\u8bd5\u7740\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ec0\u4e48\u79d1\u5b66\u8bae\u9898\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u6765\u53c2\u52a0\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u9488\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u79d1\u6280\u9986\u7b49\u573a\u5730\u6765\u5f00\u5c55\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u6765\u589e\u5f3a\u53c2\u4e0e\u611f\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u9488\u5bf9\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u793e\u533a\u3001\u8857\u9053\u3001\u516c\u56ed\u5f00\u5c55\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u533b\u7597\u7b49\u4e3b\u9898\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u9488\u5bf9\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u767d\u9886\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5496\u5561\u9986\u3001\u7535\u5f71\u7b49\u8f83\u4e3a\u65f6\u5c1a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5f15\u53d1\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4ee5\u4eba\u53e3\u5b66\u5212\u5206\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8fd8\u60f3\u7279\u522b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4ee5\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u6765\u5212\u5206\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6b27\u6d322014\u5e74\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u51fa\u516d\u7c7b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u81ea\u4fe1\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u5728\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7ea614%\uff0c\u5e74\u9f84\u5927\u591a\u572835-54\u5c81\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u76f8\u5173\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u975e\u5e38\u5e0c\u671b\u653f\u5e9c\u628a\u4e13\u5bb6\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u8bc1\u636e\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u81ea\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u6df1\u5ea6\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u60f3\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u5efa\u8bae\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u8fdb\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u62a5\u9053\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2. \u8d28\u7591\u7c7b\u6c9f\u901a\u8005\u3002\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7ea613%\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a\u5e74\u9f84\u572855\u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7537\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u6df1\u5ea6\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u7279\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u8f83\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e5f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u53c2\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u54a8\u8be2\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u516c\u4f17\u5728\u79d1\u6280\u51b3\u7b56\u4e2d\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u95ed\u95e8\u9020\u8f66\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u516c\u4f17\u5df2\u7ecf\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u79d1\u6280\u51b3\u7b56\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3. \u540e\u77e5\u540e\u89c9\u8005\u3002\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7ea618%\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a\u5e74\u9f84\u572816-34\u5c81\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5973\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u5b66\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5f88\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u53c2\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u975e\u5e38\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u4f5c\u7269\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7fa4\u4eba\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c40\u9650\u5728\u4e9b\u5355\u4e00\u8bae\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u8054\u7cfb\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u60f3\u542c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8c08\u8bba\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4. \u7126\u8651\u8005\u3002\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7ea623%\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a\u5e74\u9f84\u572816-24\u5c81\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5973\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5b97\u6559\u5360\u636e\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5f3a\u70c8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u6709\u5c40\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u592a\u8ba4\u540c\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u6295\u5165\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u76ca\u3002\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u5e76\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u7ba1\u4f4f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u60f3\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u542c\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u9610\u8ff0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u5e72\u7ec6\u80de\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7b49\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u60f3\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u5e9c\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u5e94\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>5. \u4e0d\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u8005\u3002\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7ea613%\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a\u6587\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5973\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u5b66\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u653e\u5f03\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u89c9\u5f97\u542c\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u5c31\u5934\u5927\u3002\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u80fd\u81ea\u6211\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8981\u7ba1\u5f97\u66f4\u4e25\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u60f3\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u4f46\u5e0c\u671b\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u66f4\u591a\u542c\u53d6\u4e00\u822c\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u5411\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c55\u793a\u79d1\u5b66\u5df2\u6210\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u5927\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>6. \u65e0\u5174\u8da3\u8005\u3002\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7ea620%\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a\u9000\u4f11\u8001\u4eba\u3002\u89c9\u5f97\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u6216\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u3002\u5bf9\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7fa4\u4eba\uff0c\u8981\u6253\u6d88\u79d1\u5b66\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u611f\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>13\u00a0\u6d41\u7a0b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u8d77\u59cb\u3001\u6267\u884c\u3001\u7ec8\u6b62\u3001\u56de\u987e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8d77\u59cb\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u8bbe\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\uff1b\u5236\u5b9a\u8ba1\u5212\uff1b\u7ec4\u5efa\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u52a1\u5206\u5de5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6267\u884c\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u4e0e\u76f8\u5173\u65b9\u8fdb\u884c\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u505a\u9879\u76ee\u5ba3\u4f20\uff1b\u76d1\u63a7\u9879\u76ee\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u98ce\u9669\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7ec8\u6b62\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u6210\u679c\u62a5\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u56de\u987e\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u8bc4\u4ef7\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6210\u8d25\u548c\u6536\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5176\u5b9e\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u540c\u5b66\u90fd\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u6bd4\u8f83\u7a7a\u6d1e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u70b9\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u4f53\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ea\u5411\u5927\u5bb6\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e24\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u201c\u6267\u884c\u201d\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u8981\u6267\u884c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u603b\u4f1a\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u5458\u8d44\u91d1\u4e0a\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e0e\u4e9a\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5927\u5bb6\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8981\u201c\u52a1\u5b9e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u60f3\u5411\u5927\u5bb6\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u201c\u56de\u987e\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u62a5\u544a\u4e00\u4ea4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6d3b\u4e0d\u5c31\u5e72\u5b8c\u4e86\u561b\uff1f\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u56de\u987e\u4e5f\u662f\u9075\u4ece\u52a1\u5b9e\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e00\u6765\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u62bd\u51fa\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u505a\u516c\u4f17\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e5f\u8981\u5229\u7528\u7684\u6709\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u5230\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u6548\u679c\u201c\u5fc3\u91cc\u6709\u6570\u201d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u600e\u4e48\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u6c9f\u901a\u662f\u6709\u6548\u679c\u7684\uff1f\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u54ea\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u6c9f\u901a\u6548\u679c\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u6307\u6807\uff1f\u6700\u597d\u5728\u9879\u76ee\u521d\u671f\u7684\u7b56\u5212\u9636\u6bb5\u5c31\u5236\u5b9a\u4e00\u5957\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u8bc4\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf7\u5916\u90e8\u4eba\u5458\u6765\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u56de\u987e\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u5c42\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u6c9f\u901a\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u6837\u662f\u4e2a\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u603b\u7ed3\u8fd9\u6b21\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8ba9\u4ee5\u540e\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u7814\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u6c9f\u901a\u66f4\u987a\u7545\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>14. \u5b9e\u8df5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5206\u4eab<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8fd9\u8282\u8bfe\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed9\u5927\u5bb6\u68b3\u7406\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u548c\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u8bb2\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u5927\u5bb6\u5927\u6982\u5bf9\u600e\u4e48\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u4f17\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u7eb2\u5fc3\u91cc\u6709\u6570\u4e86<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f46\u662f\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u5462\uff1f\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u662f\u60f3\u5199\u79d1\u666e\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u600e\u4e48\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u6587\u7b14\u4e0d\u597d\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u6211\u662f\u60f3\u5229\u7528\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u8ba9\u516c\u4f17\u90fd\u4e86\u89e3\u3001\u652f\u6301\u751a\u81f3\u75f4\u8ff7\u4e8e\u6211\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5462\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u662f\u4e2a\u7406\u79d1\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u6587\u79d1\u751f\u90a3\u4e48\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u50cf\u827a\u672f\u79d1\u5b66\u751f\u90a3\u4e48\u4f1a\u5c55\u73b0\uff0c\u6211\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8fd9\u79cd\u987e\u8651\u5404\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u90fd\u6709\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u5f88\u591a\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u5fc5\u4fee\u7684\u5b66\u65f6\u4e2d\u4f1a\u5355\u72ec\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u5a92\u4f53\u57f9\u8bad\u6216\u8005\u6c9f\u901a\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u5b66\u5206\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8bf7\u8868\u6f14\u7cfb\u3001\u827a\u672f\u7cfb\u3001\u4f20\u5a92\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u80a2\u4f53\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u57f9\u8bad\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5728\u76ee\u524d\u6709\u9650\u7684\u5b66\u65f6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u628a\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u56fe\u50cf\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u5a92\u4ecb\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u5165\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e9b\u540c\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u9886\u609f\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u517b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u9ad8\u2014\u2014\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5927\u5bb6\u8bfe\u4e0b\u81ea\u5df1\u7ec3\u5185\u529f\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u4e0b\u9762\u4f1a\u7ed9\u5927\u5bb6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5bf9\u6b64\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u54ea\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6280\u672f\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>15. \u5236\u4f5c\u97f3\u89c6\u9891<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u97f3\u4e50\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u7b49\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u4f20\u64ad\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5438\u5f15\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4f60\u770b\u300a\u751f\u6d3b\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u300b\u91cc\u7684\u8c22\u8033\u6735\uff0c\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u4e0d\u4e5f\u662f\u75f4\u8ff7\u4e8e\u201c\u8d28\u5b50\u6559\u6388\u201d\u90a3\u6863\u513f\u7ae5\u7535\u89c6\u561b\u3002\u4f60\u4eec\u5f53\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u6709\u300a\u4e09\u4f53\u300b\u300a\u661f\u9645\u7a7f\u8d8a\u300b\u300a\u964d\u4e34\u300b\u7684\u7c89\u4e1d\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5236\u4f5c\u5f71\u89c6\u6216\u7535\u89c6\u4f5c\u54c1\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u987e\u95ee\u6216\u8005\u88ab\u8058\u8bf7\u4e3a\u4e13\u5bb6\u53bb\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u800c\u5982\u4eca\u7f51\u7edc\u5e73\u53f0\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e0a\u5f00\u8bbe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7535\u53f0\uff0c\u5f53\u64ad\u5ba2\uff1b\u5728\u5fae\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5f00\u4e2a\u4eba\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\uff0c\u63a8\u9001\u81ea\u5236\u7684\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u8282\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u534f\u8c03\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\u4e0a\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u6559\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u5236\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u64ad\u5ba2\u8282\u76ee\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5982\u4f55\u5438\u5f15\u542c\u4f17\u3001\u9700\u8981\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u5668\u6750\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u5199\u811a\u672c\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u526a\u8f91\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u63a8\u5e7f\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>16.\u6f14\u8bb2\u548c\u5c55\u793a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u5236\u4f5c\u64ad\u5ba2\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u53bb\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u9762\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8bf4\u5230\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c31\u662f\u505appt\u561b\uff01\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u662fppt\uff0c\u8d28\u91cf\u53ef\u5f88\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u54e6\uff01<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u770b\u8fc7TED\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u8bf7\u4e3e\u624b\uff1f\u4f30\u8ba1\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u54ea\u6015\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b66\u5916\u8bed\uff0c\u4e5f\u770b\u8fc7TED\u5427\uff1f\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u5404\u884c\u5404\u4e1a\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\uff0c\u7531\u5404\u79cd\u9886\u519b\u4eba\u7269\u7528\u6700\u6df1\u5165\u6d45\u51fa\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5206\u4eab\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u5f97\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u89c9\u5f97\u80fd\u4e0aTED\u8bb2\u53f0\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u725b\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u5f53\u7136\u597d\u55bd\uff01\u5176\u5b9e\u53ef\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2aTED\u6f14\u8bb2\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u90fd\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4ed4\u7ec6\u63a8\u6572\u8fc7\u7684\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u6f14\u8bb2\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e4f\u653f\u5ba2\u3001\u6559\u6388\u3001\u5a92\u4f53\u4eba\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u672c\u8eab\u90fd\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u8001\u624b\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u4ed6\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u8bb2\u7a3f\u90fd\u8981\u4e8b\u5148\u901a\u8fc7TED\u56e2\u961f\u53cd\u590d\u63a8\u6572\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u56fd\u5185\u73b0\u5728\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u542c\u9053\uff0c\u4e00\u5e2d\u7b49\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u540e\u53f0\u56e2\u961f\u5bf9\u6f14\u8bb2\u63a8\u6572\u7ec6\u81f4\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u4e5f\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7ed9\u5927\u5bb6\u8bb2\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u63a8\u8350\u5927\u5bb6\u4e0b\u6b21\u542c\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u80fd\u4e3b\u52a8\u7559\u610f\u4e00\u4e0b\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u544a\u8bc9\u5927\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u548c\u5c55\u793a\u662f\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u82b1\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u6df1\u5165\u6d45\u51fa\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5927\u725b\u201d\u624d\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u4fe1\u624b\u634f\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4ed4\u7ec6\u63a8\u6572\u7684\uff0c\u4ed4\u7ec6\u601d\u8003\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u6f14\u8bb2\u53f0\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u5927\u725b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>17.\u6f14\u8bb2\u548c\u5c55\u793a\uff08\u7eed\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u90a3\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5c0f\u7a8d\u95e8\uff1f\u5927\u5bb6\u5728\u505a\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u90fd\u53d7\u8fc7\u6f14\u8bb2\u548c\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff1a\u5f00\u9898\u3001\u7b54\u8fa9\u3001\u5f00\u7ec4\u4f1a\u3001\u53bb\u53c2\u52a0\u5b66\u672f\u4f1a\u8bae\u505a\u53e3\u5934\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8981\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7ed9\u522b\u4eba\u542c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u5411\u975e\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u3001\u5411\u5916\u884c\u3001\u5411\u666e\u901a\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u6765\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u6280\u5de7\u662f\u5728\u9762\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u901a\u4fd7\u5316\u3002\u9996\u5148\u8981\u660e\u786e\u4f60\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5411\u5916\u884c\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c11\u7528\u62d7\u53e3\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u62b5\u89e6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u7559\u5fc3\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u65b9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u65b9\u611f\u5230\u56f0\u60d1\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5c31\u9884\u5148\u7ed9\u4e88\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u89e3\u91ca\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6bd4\u8f83\u5408\u9002\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7a8d\u95e8\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u6362\u4f4d\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u56db\u4e94\u5c81\u7684\u5c81\u5b69\u5b50\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u90a3\u96be\u4ee5\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e00\u822c\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f83\u5408\u9002\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u89c6\u89c9\u5316\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u672f\u8bed\u3001\u7b26\u53f7\u3001\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5916\u884c\u516c\u4f17\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u7279\u522b\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u96be\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\u7528\u4e00\u5f20\u56fe\u7247\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u6bb5\u89c6\u9891\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u76f4\u89c2\u4e86\uff0c\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u7f29\u51cf\u4e86\u53d7\u4f17\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u603b\u8c08\u5927\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u67f4\u9759\u300a\u7a79\u9876\u4e4b\u4e0b\u300b\u90a3\u4e2a\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\u91cc\u5404\u79cd\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6bd4\u53e3\u7f69\u7684\u6e05\u6d01\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6bd4\u66f4\u8ba9\u4eba\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\u548c\u6025\u8feb\u6027\u4e86<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e09\u662f\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u8981\u201c\u7f16\u9020\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u60c5\u666f\u4ee3\u5165\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b\u6709\u70b9\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u201c\u4e3e\u4f8b\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u8ba9\u5927\u5bb6\u4ea7\u751f\u5171\u9e23\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u8ba9\u67af\u71e5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff08narrative\uff09\u4e32\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u56db\u662f\u7528\u9053\u5177\u3002\u4e4b\u524d\u8bb2\u4e86\u201c\u770b\u5f97\u89c1\u201d\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6478\u5f97\u7740\u201d\u3002\u51c6\u5907\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5c0f\u9053\u5177\u8ba9\u89c2\u4f17\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u9605\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8c03\u52a8\u89c2\u4f17\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e94\u662f\u8981\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u5411\u89c2\u4f17\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56de\u7b54\u89c2\u4f17\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0e\u89c2\u4f17\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u89c2\u4f17\u76f8\u4e92\u4e4b\u95f4\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u9192\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u89c2\u4f17\u63d0\u95ee\u90fd\u4f1a\u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u542c\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u95ee\u5728\u70b9\u4e0a\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u78d5\u7eca\u90fd\u662f\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e2d\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u9700\u8981\u8010\u5fc3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7d20\u517b\u63d0\u9ad8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6162\u6162\u5b66\u4f1a\u95ee\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u8d77\u7740\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5f53\u7136\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u522b\u7684\u5c0f\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u4e0d\u4e00\u4e00\u5217\u4e3e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6280\u5de7\u8981\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u573a\u5408\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d7\u4f17\u6765\u9009\u53d6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u4ece\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u53bb\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>18.\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u5199\u4f5c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8bb2\u5b8c\u4e86\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u5230\u6700\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u5e73\u5b9e\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u5199\u4f5c\u4e0a\u6765\u3002\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5199\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5fae\u535a\u3001\u5fae\u4fe1\u3001\u535a\u5ba2\u3001\u8bba\u575b\u7b49\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8c03\u7528\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u5d4c\u5165\u6574\u5408\u5176\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u5199\u4f5c\u5728\u901a\u4fd7\u5316\u3001\u5438\u5f15\u8bfb\u8005\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6280\u5de7\u4e0e\u6f14\u8bb2\u662f\u76f8\u901a\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u9884\u671f\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u548c\u5e73\u53f0\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u518d\u8d58\u8ff0\u4f46\u6b64\u5904\u60f3\u8981\u8865\u5145\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u56fe\u6587\u5e76\u8302\u3001\u751f\u52a8\u6709\u8da3\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u9762\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5199\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3001\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5199\u4f5c\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u5199\u4f5c\u6253\u9020\u51fa\u79d1\u5b66\u9760\u8c31\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5462\uff1f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u70b9\u53ef\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u63aa\u8f9e\u4e25\u8c28\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e3a\u4e86\u5438\u5f15\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u8fdb\u884c\u901a\u4fd7\u5316\u751a\u81f3\u5e7d\u9ed8\u5316\u7684\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u4f9d\u7136\u8981\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8bfb\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u8bef\u5bfc\u30022014\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u6761\u79d1\u5b66\u65b0\u95fb\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u8f70\u52a8\uff0c\u8bf4\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u51fa\u201c\u997f\u6b7b\u764c\u7ec6\u80de\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u8bef\u4f1a\u3001\u5938\u5927\uff0c\u7ed9\u5f88\u591a\u8bfb\u8005\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u56f0\u6270\u3002\u968f\u7740\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7d20\u517b\u3001\u5a92\u4ecb\u7d20\u517b\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b\u201c\u6807\u9898\u515a\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u4e0d\u9760\u8c31\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5199\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6253\u9020\u9760\u8c31\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8b66\u60d5\u201c\u6807\u9898\u515a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6807\u660e\u51fa\u5904\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u4e8e\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5199\u4f5c\u57fa\u4e8e\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u516c\u4f17\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bba\u6587\u8bc4\u5ba1\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u5e94\u8be5\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u3001\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u8fa8\u660e\u51fa\u5904\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u8bfb\u8005\u53bb\u8fa8\u522b\u3001\u6838\u5b9e\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4e00\u5bb6\u540d\u4e3aSense about Science\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u63a8\u8fdb\u79d1\u5b66\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9762\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u6307\u5357\uff08I don&#8217;t know what to believe\uff09\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u679c\u58f3\u7f51\u4e0ahttp:\/\/www.guokr.com\/article\/436902\/\uff09\uff0c\u544a\u8bc9\u516c\u4f17\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5982\u4f55\u53bb\u8fa8\u522b\u79d1\u5b66\u65b0\u95fb\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u9f13\u52b1\u516c\u4f17\u53bb\u6838\u5b9e\u79d1\u5b66\u65b0\u95fb\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u80fd\u591f\u6811\u7acb\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u9760\u8c31\u5f62\u8c61\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4f20\u64ad\u666e\u53ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6807\u660e\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u679c\u58f3\u79d1\u5b66\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5185\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u79d1\u666e\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u63a8\u9001\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u91cc\uff0c\u7279\u610f\u9644\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u4f5c\u8005\u540d\u7247\u201d\u7684\u5c0f\u6a21\u5757\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f5c\u8005\u540d\u7247\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u77e5\u5199\u4f5c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u77e5\u8bc6\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u673a\u6784\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e8e\u673a\u6784\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u6765\u5f3a\u5316\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\uff08conflict of interests\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u673a\u6784\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u63a5\u53d7\u7279\u5b9a\u6e20\u9053\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5e72\u6270\u5979\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u76f4\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u5c3d\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u76f8\u5173\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u7533\u660e\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5176\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>19. \u5c0f\u7ed3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u25a0 \u4fc3\u8fdb\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff08\u4e3e\u4f8b\uff1a\u9879\u76ee\u3001\u5e73\u53f0\u3001\u5a92\u4f53\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u25a0 \u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u4e3e\u4f8b\uff1a\u544a\u77e5\u3001\u54a8\u8be2\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u25a0 \u8bbe\u8ba1\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684PPPI\u6846\u67b6<\/p>\n<p>\u25a0 \u5b9e\u8df5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5206\u4eab\uff08\u5236\u4f5c\u97f3\u9891\u3001\u6f14\u8bb2\u3001\u5199\u4f5c\u65f6\u5bb9\u6613\u9057\u5fd8\u7684\u6280\u5de7\uff09<\/p>\n<p><strong>20.\u00a0\u4e0b\u8282\u9884\u544a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u8282\u8bfe\u5c06\u4f1a\u4ee5\u51e0\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u6765\u4ecb\u7ecd\u56fd\u5916\u5f00\u5c55\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u8ba9\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\u5bf9\u672c\u8282\u8bfe\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u66f4\u611f\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; ESRC\u9879\u76ee\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u6587\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5757 &nbsp; \u7b2c\u4e09\u8282\u8bfe \u8bb2\u4e49 \uff08\u8bd5\u7528\u7a3f\uff09 &nbsp; Instructions\u8bb2\u4e49\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a \u8bf7\u53c2\u7167\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u9605\u8bfb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u6807\u9898\u6570\u5b57\u6307\u4ee3\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u76f8\u5e94\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\u8bb2\u4e49\u7531\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u793a\u4e3a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u76f8\u5e94\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u4e3a\u6559\u5e08\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u8d44\u6599\u53ca\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u601d\u8def\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u60a8\u82e5\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u548cEMR\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u80af\u7279\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5f20\u60a6\u60a6\u6559\u6388\u8054\u7cfb\u7d22\u53d6\uff1ay.zhang-203@kent.ac.uk\uff09 Main Text\u8bb2\u4e49\u6b63\u6587 1. \u7b2c\u4e09\u8bfe\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u8bbe\u8ba1 \u8bfe\u524d5\u5206\u949f\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u8bf7\u5bf9\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u8868\u770b\u6cd5\uff1a \u901a\u8fc7\u524d\u4e24\u6b21\u8bfe\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u6c9f\u901a\u3001\u53cc\u5411\u4ea4\u6d41\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u7814\u754c\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u5bb6\u5370\u8c61\u91cc\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u76ee\u524d\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u505a\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u9014\u5f84\u5462\uff1f \u731c\u6d4b\u5927\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u4f1a\u4e3b\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u4f20\u7edf\u79d1\u666e\u6e20\u9053\uff1a\u6bd4\u5982\u7ed9\u62a5\u7eb8\u5199\u6587\u7ae0\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u7535\u89c6\u548c\u5e7f\u64ad\u7684\u8282\u76ee\u3001\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u3001\u64ad\u5ba2\u3001\u77e5\u4e4e\u95ee\u7b54\u3001\u79d1\u666e\u5468\u3001\u62cd\u6444\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u76f4\u64ad\u3001\u7ed9\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u6216\u793e\u533a\u4e0a\u8bfe\u3001\u5f00\u5ea7\u8c08\u4f1a\u3001\u79d1\u666e\u6444\u5f71\u5c55\u3001\u79d1\u534f\u6d3b\u52a8\u7b49\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f20\u64ad\u5df2\u7ecf\u7a81\u7834\u4f20\u7edf\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u79d1\u666e\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u63ba\u6742\u7740\u5f88\u591a\u4e92\u52a8\u5143\u7d20\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u77e5\u4e4e\u7b49\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u6709\u7b54\u6709\u8bc4\u8bba\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u53cd\u9a73\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f88\u591a\u79d1\u666e\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u5bf9\u65b9\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u5bf9\u65b9\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fdb\u6765\uff08\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u201c\u884c\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4e60\u60ef\uff0f\u504f\u597d\u6539\u53d8\u201d\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u793e\u533a\u5783\u573e\u5206\u7c7b\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\u6539\u53d8\u67d0\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u996e\u98df\u4e60\u60ef\u3001\u5582\u517b\u4e60\u60ef\u2014\u2014\u591a\u5403\u852c\u83dc\u7b49\uff0c\u672a\u5fc5\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u63a5\u7eb3\u5f88\u591a\u65b0\u79d1\u6280\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u884c\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\uff09 \u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u73b0\u5728\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u201c\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9014\u5f84\u3002 2. \u53c2\u4e0e\u9014\u5f84 &#8211; \u6839\u636e\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u9879\u76ee\u3001\u5e73\u53f0\u3001\u5a92\u4f53\u3002 &#8211; \u9879\u76ee\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u3001\u4e00\u573a\u6d3b\u52a8\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u4e3e\u529e\u591a\u573a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u5927\u7c73\u54c1\u5c1d\u4f1a\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u3002\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u5e73\u53f0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u201d\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4e34\u65f6\u805a\u96c6\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u529e\u5b8c\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u89e3\u6563\u3002 &#8211; \u5e73\u53f0\u662f\u7531\u67d0\u4e00\u673a\u6784\u8fd0\u8425\u6216\u63d0\u4f9b\u7a33\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u5982\u8bba\u575b\u3001\u6c99\u9f99\u3001\u7f51\u7ad9\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u957f\u671f\u5f00\u5c55\u4e0d\u540c\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u6700\u8fd1\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u5e73\u53f0\u201d\u662f\u7531\u8c01\u6765\u642d\u5efa\u7684\uff1a\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u9ad8\u6559\u90e8\u95e8\uff08\u79d1\u534f\u3001\u79d1\u6280\u9986\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u5927\u5b66\uff09\u8d44\u52a9\u627f\u62c5\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u642d\u5efa\u4e0d\u4ec5\u79c1\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4f17\u7b79\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u662f\u8349\u6839\u5316\u7684\u3002 &#8211; \u5a92\u4f53\u5219\u662f\u6307\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u3001\u62a5\u7eb8\u3001\u7f51\u7ad9\u7b49\u5373\u6210\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5a92\u4f53\u6e20\u9053\u3002 &#8211; \u8fd9\u4e09\u7c7b\u9014\u5f84\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u544a\u8bc9\u5927\u5bb6\uff0c\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u548c\u5207\u5165\u70b9\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e13\u9879\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u6e20\u9053\u3001\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f3a\u8c03\u5f88\u591a\u6b21\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u53cc\u5411\u7684\uff0c\u8ba9\u516c\u4f17\u80fd\u5728\u4ea4\u6d41\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u6211\u4eec\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u80fd\u4e3b\u52a8\u53bb\u878d\u5165\u548c\u4e86\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u3002 3. \u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u9014\u5f84\uff0d1\uff1a\u9879\u76ee &#8211; \u5927\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9879\u76ee\u9080\u8bf7\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u79d1\u6280\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u601d\u8003\u548c\u8868\u6001\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u5bf9\u597d\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u81ea\u6210\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9879\u76ee\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4eba\u4e8b\u5148\u6709\u660e\u786e\u548c\u5468\u8be6\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f80\u5f80\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4ea4\u6d41\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\u7fa4\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u9884\u5148\u7b5b\u9009\u6216\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u3002 &#8211; \u4e3e\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50 \uff1a &#8211; \u53f3\u56fe\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a1981\u5e74\u2014\u2014\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u5904\u4e8e\u51b7\u6218\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u7740\u6bd4\u62fc\u6838\u5f39\u5934\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u519b\u5907\u7ade\u8d5b\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53ebBarbara Donarchy\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u65c5\u6e38\u65f6\uff0c\u9047\u4e0a\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5efa\u9020\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5f00\u59cb\u6784\u601d\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5411\u4e16\u4eba\u5c55\u73b0\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u3002\u5979\u60f3\u8981\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u4eec\u719f\u6089\u7684\u3001\u5e73\u9759\u7684\u3001\u63a5\u5730\u6c14\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8868\u73b0\u8fdc\u79bb\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u3001\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u6838\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u7528\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u5916\u89c2\u6765\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5371\u9669\u3001\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5979\u7b56\u5212\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u7425\u73c0\u8272\u6ce2\u6d6a\u201d\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5c55\u3002\u5979\u53ec\u96c6\u4e8670\u591a\u4eba\u521b\u9020\u4e8631500\u4e2a\u9676\u74f7\u9525\u4f53, \u8fd9\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\uff08\u51b7\u6218\u65f6\u671f\uff09\u7f8e\u56fd\u5175\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u6838\u5f39\u5934\u603b\u6570, \u8fd8\u6709\u5fae\u578b\u9676\u74f7\u8f70\u70b8\u673a\u3001\u6f5c\u8247\u548c\u5bfc\u5f39, \u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u4e09\u79cd\u6218\u7565\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u8fd0\u8f7d\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5c55\u89c8\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd15\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u67cf\u6797\u5c55\u51fa\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u6570\u5343\u540d\u53c2\u89c2\u8005\u30021985\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u53c2\u89c2\u8005\u8bf4\u201c\u8fd9\uff08\u6307\u6838\u7ade\u8d5b\uff09\u663e\u7136\u662f\u75af\u72c2\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u9976\u6055\u7684\u3002\uff08This makes the obviously insane unforgivable.\uff09\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u51e0\u70b9\uff0c\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u7b56\u5212\u516c\u5171\u9879\u76ee\u5e38\u5e38\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u529b\u5e76\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4f20\u8fbe\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u540e\u9762\u4f1a\u8bb2\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u79d1\u6280\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u672a\u5fc5\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u548c\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5f00\u52a8\u8111\u9645\u6316\u6398\u591a\u79cd\u5a92\u4ecb\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002 &#8211; \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u56fd\u5185\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u5de6\u56fe\u663e\u793a\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u5bb4\u2014\u2014\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u98df\u54c1\u54c1\u5c1d\u4f1a\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u5728\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u5927\u7c73\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u65b9\u9762\u6295\u5165\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u534e\u4e2d\u519c\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u6297\u866b\u5bb3\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u6c34\u7a3b\u57282009\u5e74\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u519c\u4e1a\u90e8\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u76f4\u672a\u80fd\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u79cd\u690d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e70\u4e0d\u5230\u4e5f\u5403\u4e0d\u5230\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u76d1\u7ba1\u5ba1\u6279\u6d41\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u516c\u4f17\u4ece\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u73af\u5883\u98ce\u9669\u89d2\u5ea6\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u8d28\u7591\u548c\u53cd\u5bf9\u58f0\u3002 &#8211; \u4e3a\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u201c\u633a\u8f6c\u6d3e\u201d\u5c31\u4ee5\u201c\u8eab\u4f53\u529b\u884c\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ece2011 \u5e745 \u6708\u52302015 \u5e7410 \u67084 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":622,"featured_media":189,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[525],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-188","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lectures"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/188","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/622"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=188"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/188\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":233,"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/188\/revisions\/233"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/189"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=188"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=188"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}