{"id":129,"date":"2018-04-10T09:50:37","date_gmt":"2018-04-10T08:50:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/upgrade-gsa\/?p=129"},"modified":"2019-05-09T10:13:05","modified_gmt":"2019-05-09T09:13:05","slug":"lecture-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/2018\/04\/10\/lecture-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Lecture 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 25%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-129 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-full'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.001.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.001.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.001.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.001-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.002.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.002.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.002.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.002-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.003.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.003.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 3\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.003.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.003-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.004.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.004.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 4\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.004.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.004-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.005.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.005.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 5\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.005.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.005-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.006.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.006.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 6\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.006.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.006-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.007.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.007.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 7\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.007.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.007-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.008.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.008.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 8\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.008.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.008-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.009.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.009.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 9\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.009.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.009-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.010.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.010.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 10\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.010.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.010-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.011.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.011.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 11\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.011.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.011-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.012.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.012.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 12\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.012.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.012-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.013.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.013.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 13\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.013.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.013-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.014.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.014.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 14\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.014.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.014-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.015.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.015.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 15\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.015.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.015-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.016.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.016.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 16\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.016.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.016-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.017.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.017.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 17\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.017.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.017-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.018.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.018.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 18\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.018.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.018-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.019.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.019.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 19\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.019.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.019-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.020.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.020.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 20\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.020.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.020-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.021.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.021.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Chinese Lecture 2 Slide 21\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.021.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/research.kent.ac.uk\/gsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2263\/2019\/05\/PPT-Lecture-2.021-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl>\n\t\t\t<br style='clear: both' \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>ESRC\u9879\u76ee\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u6587\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5757<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bfe\u8bb2\u4e49<\/h4>\n<h4>\uff08\u8bd5\u7528\u7a3f\uff09<\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Instructions\u8bb2\u4e49\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8bf7\u53c2\u7167\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u9605\u8bfb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u6807\u9898\u6570\u5b57\u6307\u4ee3\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u76f8\u5e94\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\u8bb2\u4e49\u7531\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u793a\u4e3a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u76f8\u5e94\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u4e3a\u6559\u5e08\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u8d44\u6599\u53ca\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u601d\u8def\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u60a8\u82e5\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u548cEMR\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u80af\u7279\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5f20\u60a6\u60a6\u6559\u6388\u8054\u7cfb\u7d22\u53d6\uff1ay.zhang-203@kent.ac.uk\uff09<\/p>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h4>Main Text\u8bb2\u4e49\u6b63\u6587<\/h4>\n<p><strong>1. \u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bfe\uff1a\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u867d\u7136\u89c9\u5f97\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\uff0c\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u6c9f\u901a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u597d\u201d\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u201c\u5e94\u8be5\u201d\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u591a\u5c11\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c9\u609f\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fd8\u662f\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u201c\u9644\u52a0\u54c1\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60f3\u6cd5\u5f88\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u8282\u8bfe\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u7814\u4f53\u7cfb\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u8fd9\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u8282\u8bfe\u9080\u8bf7\u5927\u5bb6\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u79d1\u6280\u8d8a\u53d1\u5c55\u5168\u7403\u79d1\u6280\u754c\u8d8a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5462\uff1f\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u4e0e\u4e92\u52a8\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u201c\u9644\u52a0\u201d\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u771f\u8c1b\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\uff1f\u4ece\u6ce2\u666e\u5c14\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u4e4b\u8a00\u8bf4\u8d77<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\uff0d\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u592a\u6df1\u5965\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u597d\u51e0\u672c\u4e66\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u6700\u6709\u540d\uff08\u5927\u6982\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u8bef\u8bfb\u7684\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u9610\u91ca\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u6ce2\u666e\u5c14Karl Popper\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u662f\u5176\u53ef\u201c\u8bc1\u4f2a\u201d\u6027\uff08falsifiability\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5929\uff01\u8fd9\u53ef\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u79d1\u7814\u6570\u636e\u662f\u9519\u7684\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4e3b\u89c2\u81c6\u60f3\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bef\u8bfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f46\u4ed6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u786e\u5b9e\u70b9\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u5374\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u5ffd\u89c6\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e24\u70b9\u548c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 1\uff09\u79d1\u5b66\u63a2\u7d22\u662f\u4e2a\u5faa\u5e8f\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5373\u66fe\u7ecf\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u6216\u8bb8\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u4fee\u6b63\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u63a8\u7ffb\uff1b\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u9519\u8bef\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u548c\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6027\u6709\u5173\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 2\uff09\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e0a\u7269\u7406\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bfe\uff0c\u8001\u5e08\u5927\u6982\u5c31\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u5199\u597d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6240\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u8ff7\u4fe1\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u590d\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u548c\u5c40\u9650\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u624d\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7acb\u5b66\u4e4b\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. \u98ce\u9669\u793e\u4f1a(Risk Society)\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u6c9f\u901a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\uff0d\u4f46\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u7684\u7406\u6027\u8ba4\u77e5\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u843d\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff0d\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u654c\u654c\u754f\u3001\u75af\u725b\u75c5\u3001\u6d77\u8c79\u80ce\u3001\u5207\u5c14\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5229\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u4e8b\u6545\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5f53\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6Ulrich Beck\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u63d0\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u98ce\u9669\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u4e3e\u6210\u540d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\uff1a\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u98ce\u9669\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u7406\u6027\u7684\u671f\u5f85\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff0d\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u8d1d\u514b\u8fd9\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u524d\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\u5510\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u62c9\u59c6\u65af\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u90a3\u4e2a\u65b0\u95fb\u53d1\u5e03\u4f1a\u4e0a\u201c\u7ed5\u53e3\u4ee4\u201d\u5f0f\u7684\u7b54\u8bb0\u8005\u95ee\u2014\u2014\u201c\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u6709\u2018\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u5df2\u77e5\u2019\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4e8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u6709\u2018\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u672a\u77e5\u2019\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4e8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u540c\u6837\u5b58\u5728\u2018\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\u4e0d\u77e5\u2019\u2014\u2014\u6709\u4e9b\u4e8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\uff0d\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\u867d\u7136\u5e76\u975e\u9488\u5bf9\u201c\u79d1\u6280\u201d\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u9053\u51fa\u4e86\u5f53\u4eca\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff0d\u5c31\u79d1\u7814\u6765\u8bb2\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u79d1\u6280\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u5374\u662f\u65e0\u6570\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u80f6\u7740\u548c\u6df7\u6742\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u5929\u7136\u63ba\u6742\u7740\u201c\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u5df2\u77e5\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u672a\u77e5\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\u4e0d\u77e5\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. \u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff0d\u521b\u65b0\u4e0e\u5c40\u9650<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\uff0d\u7ed9\u5927\u5bb6\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8ba9\u5927\u5bb6\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u63a8\u5e7f\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u662f\u548c\u65b0\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u78b0\u649e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c40\u9650\u5176\u5b9e\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51cf\u5f31\u79d1\u6280\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u5149\u8f89\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u662f\u79d1\u7814\u66f4\u811a\u8e0f\u5b9e\u5730\u3001\u4e3a\u79d1\u7814\u8fdb\u6b65\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff0d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u8fd1\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u5341\u5206\u6709\u521b\u610f\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u8fdb\u5c55\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>-\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65, \u5f53\u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6, \u6b63\u5982\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u6240\u8bf4\u7684, \u4e5f\u4e3a\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a &#8220;\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd&#8221; \u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u767b\u9769\u70ed\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u70ed\u5e26\u75be\u75c5, \u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u7403\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u868a\u5b50\u662f\u767b\u9769\u70ed\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f20\u64ad\u8005\u3002\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u868a\u866b\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u55b7\u6d12\u6740\u866b\u5242\u3001\u55b7\u96fe, \u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u4eba\u4f53\u8fd8\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b0\u7684\u601d\u8def\u3002\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u628a\u868a\u5b50\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e3a\u868a\u5b50\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a &#8220;autocidal&#8221; (\u81ea\u52a8\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u6740) 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20\u4e16\u7eaa80-90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u798f\u7279\u6c83\u5179\uff08Funtowicz\uff09\u548c\u62c9\u7ef4\u8328\uff08Ravetz\uff09\u4e24\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u7528\u201c\u540e\u5e38\u89c4\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\uff08post-normal science\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5c1a\u4e0d\u786e\u51ff\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u3001\u5229\u5bb3\u5173\u7cfb\u5927\u3001\u51b3\u7b56\u7d27\u8feb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76(Funtowicz et al, 1991)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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\u5229\u5bb3\u5173\u7cfb\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4f5c\u51fa\u51b3\u7b56\u4e4b\u540e\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u591a\u5927\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u6216\u8005\u635f\u5931\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5236\u9020\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4f17\u591a\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u751f\u6b7b\u5b58\u4ea1\uff0c\u5229\u5bb3\u5173\u7cfb\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>7. \u4ece\u79d1\u5b66\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5230\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u540c\u884c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff08extended peer community\uff09-2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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\u800c\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e0e\u5219\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u7531\u6c14\u5019\u5b66\u5bb6\u81ea\u5df1\u8bf4\u4e86\u7b97\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u4f17\u90fd\u6765\u53c2\u4e0e\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3a\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u540e\u5e38\u89c4\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u63d0\u4f9b\u201c\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u6c11\u4f17\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u8d77\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u540c\u884c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>9. \u79d1\u5b66\u4eba\u7684\u5e26\u5934\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e03\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u4e0a\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u56fe\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4ece\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u73b0\u5728\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u660e\u767d\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5708\u5b50\u7684\u201c\u6269\u5c55\u201d\u548c\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u6269\u5c55\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u539f\u52a8\u529b\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u56e2\u4f53\uff08interest group\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u4e00\u4ee3\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u4eba\u7684\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u540d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f1975\u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u91cd\u7ec4DNA\u7684\u963f\u897f\u6d1b\u739b\u4f1a\u8bae\uff08Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u521a\u521a\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u4ece\u75c5\u6bd2\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u7684DNA\u7ec4\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u65e2\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u9879\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u5f88\u5927\u5e94\u7528\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u98ce\u9669\u662f\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u7684\u3002\u91cd\u7ec4DNA\u6280\u672f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u75c5\u6bd2\u5c06\u5916\u6e90DNA\u5f15\u5165\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c31\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u5f15\u8fdb\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u65e0\u5bb3\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u81f4\u764c\u5242\uff0c\u6216\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8010\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u6216\u8005\u4ea7\u751f\u5371\u9669\u7684\u6bd2\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6700\u719f\u6089\u6280\u672f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u7ad9\u51fa\u6765\u63d0\u9192\u4e16\u4eba\u8b66\u60d5\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8d1d\u683c\uff08Paul Berg\uff09\u53ec\u96c6\u4e86\u6b64\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u6709140\u4f4d\u4e13\u5bb6\u5b66\u8005\u53c2\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5f8b\u5e08\u548c\u533b\u5e08\u3002\u4f1a\u8bae\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u98ce\u9669\u548c\u76d1\u7ba1\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f1a\u8bae\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u51fa\u53f0\u4e86\u91cd\u7ec4DNA\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\u7f8e\u56fdNIH\u7684\u91cd\u7ec4DNA\u6280\u672f\u5b89\u5168\u6307\u5357\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u7531\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u65e2\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u9010\u6e10\u5f00\u59cb\u5173\u6ce8\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3001\u76d1\u7ba1\u548c\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u30022008\u5e74\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u671f\u7279\u8f91\uff0c\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u516d\u4e2a\u201c\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u8bae\u201d\uff0c\u963f\u897f\u6d1b\u739b\u4f1a\u8bae\u5c31\u540d\u5217\u5176\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>10. \u4ece\u7ba1\u7406\u5230\u6cbb\u7406\uff0d1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5927\u5bb6\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u8fc7\uff0c\u524d\u6cbf\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u826f\u6027\u53d1\u5c55\u5176\u5b9e\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08government\uff09\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u76f8\u5bf9\u524d\u6cbf\u79d1\u7814\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u6709\u6ede\u540e\u6027\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u524d\u6cbf\u79d1\u7814\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u8f6f\u6027\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\uff08governance\uff09\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8d44\u52a9\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u804c\u4e1a\u56e2\u4f53\u89c4\u8303\uff08Code of Practice\uff09, \u4f26\u7406\u5ba1\u67e5\uff08Ethical review\uff09\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\uff08Industrial standardisation\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u884c\u4e1a\u89c4\u8303\u7b49\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f6f\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u65b9\u5728\u4e92\u52a8\u5546\u69b7\u4e2d\u6162\u6162\u5f62\u6210\u7684<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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ELSA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u56de\u5230\u963f\u897f\u6d1b\u739b\u4f1a\u8bae\u53ec\u5f00\u768470\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u840c\u82bd\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u547d\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3002\u751f\u547d\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u662f\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u73af\u5883\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u6709\u5e94\u7528\u524d\u666f\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u53cd\u601d\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u5bf9\u4eba\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\uff08\u5982\u5b9e\u9a8c\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u519c\u4f5c\u7269\uff09\u3001\u5bf9\u751f\u6001\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4eba\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u547d\u76f8\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5bf9\u79d1\u7814\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u79d1\u6280\u5708\u5185\u90e8\u9075\u5b88\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u4e0a\u663e\u793a\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u4f26\u7406\u89c4\u8303\uff08PPT\u56fe\u7247\u663e\u793a\uff1a\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u6cd5\u5178\u3001\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u3001\u8d1d\u5c14\u8499\u7279\u62a5\u544a\uff08Belmont Report\uff09\u3001\u6d89\u53ca\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u7269\u533b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4f26\u7406\u51c6\u5219\u00a0\u3001\u56db\u539f\u5219\u3001\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u539f\u5219\u3001\u98ce\u9669\u9884\u9632\u539f\u5219\uff09<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 1990\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u542f\u52a8\u4eba\u7c7b\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5728\u8457\u540d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c83\u68ee\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c06\u9879\u76ee\u9884\u7b97\u76843%-5%\u7528\u4e8eELSI\uff08\u5373\u82f1\u6587\u201c\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\u7684\u7f29\u5199\uff0c\u5168\u79f0Ethical, Legal and Social Implications\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e3aELSA\uff0cA\u4e3aaspects\uff09\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u7eb3\u5165\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u79d1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8303\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 2001\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u542f\u52a8\u56fd\u5bb6\u7eb3\u7c73\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5728\u53cd\u601d\u4eba\u7c7b\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u8ba1\u5212ELSI\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u5931\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51faELSI\u7814\u7a76\u8981\uff081\uff09\u5728\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e0a\u6e38\u3001\u65e9\u671f\u5c31\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u9884\u89c1\uff082\uff09\u6574\u5408\u5230\u79d1\u6280\u7814\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u540c\u6b65\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u6b27\u76df\u6700\u5927\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u8d44\u52a9\u9879\u76ee\u201c\u6846\u67b6\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u4e2d\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u201c\u4e3a\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7b49\u4e13\u9879\uff0c\u5730\u5e73\u7ebf2020\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u521b\u65b0\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u5f00\u5c55ELSI\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e2d\u56fd\u4e5f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4f26\u7406\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u533b\u5b66\u7c7b\u9662\u6821\u90fd\u5f00\u8bbe\u6709\u533b\u5b66\u4f26\u7406\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u9ad8\u6821\u8fd8\u6709\u73af\u5883\u73af\u5883\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u516c\u9009\u8bfe\u3002\u5728\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u8fc7\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u57f9\u8bad\u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5236\u5ea6\u4e5f\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u57f9\u8bad\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u540c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u751f\u7269\u533b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u673a\u6784\u5f88\u591a\u90fd\u8bbe\u7acb\u6709\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08IRB\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d89\u53ca\u4ee5\u4eba\u6216\u52a8\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u7814\u9879\u76ee\u7533\u8bf7\uff08\u5982\u6211\u56fd\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u533b\u5b66\u90e8\u548c\u751f\u547d\u5b66\u90e8\uff09\u548c\u8bba\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u83b7\u5f97\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5ba1\u6279\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>12. \u4ece\u7ba1\u7406\u5230\u6cbb\u7406\uff0d3 \u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u521b\u65b0 (responsible innovation)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u548c\u79d1\u6280\u653f\u7b56\u5708\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee5\u66f4\u4e3a\u65b0\u9896\u3001\u7075\u6d3b\u3001\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5bf9\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u53d1\u5c55\u8fdb\u884c\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u5f15\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6307\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6d41\u7a0b\u5c3d\u5fe0\u804c\u5b88\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u521b\u65b0 (responsible innovation)\u66f4\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5728\u8ba9\u79d1\u6280\u521b\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005\u2014\u2014\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u3001\u5a92\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u4f17\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u80fd\u591f\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u534f\u5546\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79d1\u6280\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u4ea7\u51fa\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u65f6\u8bc4\u4f30\u548c\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u79d1\u6280\u521b\u65b0\u5851\u9020\u7f8e\u597d\u672a\u6765\u800c\u62c5\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u89c4\u8303\u662f\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u5728\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u51fa\u540e\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u8fdb\u884c\u7b54\u7591\u89e3\u60d1\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4e0d\u591f\u4e86\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u662f\u4e0a\u6e38\u53c2\u4e0e (upstream engagement)\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u54c1\u51fa\u7089\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u6280\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u65e9\u671f\uff08\u5982\u8d44\u52a9\u7acb\u9879\u9636\u6bb5\uff09\u5c31\u5c06\u516c\u4f17\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u65b9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79d1\u6280\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u6001\u5ea6\u548c\u610f\u89c1\u7eb3\u5165\u5230\u8003\u8651\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>13. \u4ece\u7ba1\u7406\u5230\u6cbb\u7406\uff0d4 \u6280\u672f\u8bc4\u4f30 (Technology assessment)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u76f8\u5e94\u7684\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6e20\u9053\u548c\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u591a\u5143\u5316\u8d77\u6765\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u53c2\u4e0e\u5f0f\u6280\u672f\u8bc4\u4f30\uff08Participatory TA\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u8ba9\u5e7f\u5927\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u6280\u672f\u8bc4\u4f30\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u6765\u3002\u4e39\u9ea6\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u6280\u672f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u57281980\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u5c55\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u9080\u8bf7\u516c\u4f17\u4ee3\u8868\u6765\u5c31\u65b0\u5174\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5efa\u6784\u5f0f\u6280\u672f\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u6280\u672f\u8bc4\u4f30\u80fd\u591f\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u5851\u9020\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5bf9\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u884c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u8377\u5170\u6280\u672f\u8bc4\u4f30\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57281980-1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u5438\u53d6\u4e39\u9ea6\u5171\u8bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u6280\u672f\u8def\u7ebf\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u54c1\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5b9e\u65f6\u6280\u672f\u8bc4\u4f30\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u662f\u8ba9\u6280\u672f\u9884\u89c1\u3001\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005\u534f\u5546\u7b49\u6280\u672f\u8bc4\u4f30\u624b\u6bb5\u5728\u79d1\u6280\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u540c\u6b65\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u6001\u5ea6\u548c\u9700\u6c42\u53cd\u9988\u5230\u6280\u672f\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6765\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e9a\u5229\u6851\u90a3\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7eb3\u7c73\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b63\u5728\u7814\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u7eb3\u7c73\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9080\u8bf7\u516c\u4f17\u548c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4e00\u540c\u8bbe\u60f3\u7eb3\u7c73\u6280\u672f\u7684\u672a\u6765\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7eb3\u7c73\u6280\u672f\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>14. \u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0dCRISPR\/Cas9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5149\u9634\u834f\u82d240\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u963f\u897f\u6d1b\u739b\u4f1a\u8bae\u7ec4\u59d4\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u662fPaul Berg\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u662fDavid Baltimore\uff0c\u4e24\u4f4d\u90fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u77e5\u540d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u4f9d\u7136\u5173\u6ce8\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8fdb\u5c55\u53ca\u5176\u98ce\u9669\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 40\u5e74\u540e\u76842015\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c \u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u53c8\u628a\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u533b\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u53ec\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5cf0\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u8fd9\u8fd1\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u70ed\u95e8\u6280\u672f\uff0cCRISPR\/Cas9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f1a\u8bae\u4e3a\u671f\u4e09\u5929\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u4eba\u7c7b\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6280\u672f\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u673a\u6784\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\u548c\u6cbb\u7406\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u4e3b\u9898\u5c55\u5f00\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u4e0e\u4f1a\u8005\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u4ece\u4e8b\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u79d1\u6280\u653f\u7b56\u4e13\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u6765\u542c\u4f1a\u5e76\u53c2\u4e0e\u63d0\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; CRISPR\/Cas9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b97\u662f\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b66\u5708\u5b50\u7684\u5927\u660e\u661f\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0cCRISPR\/Cas9\u80fd\u591f\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u5ec9\u4ef7\u3001\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u5bf9DNA\u5e8f\u5217\u8fdb\u884c\u5207\u9664\u3001\u4fee\u526a\u3001\u66ff\u6362\u6216\u8005\u6dfb\u52a0\u3002\u81ea2012\u5e74\u88ab\u53d1\u660e\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8be5\u6280\u672f\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc5\u901f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6a21\u5f0f\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u80da\u80ce\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u6210\u4f53\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u8fd9\u4e00\u6280\u672f\u5f15\u8d77\u4e89\u8bae\u6e90\u4e8e2015\u5e744\u670818\u65e5\u300a\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u300b\u671f\u520a\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b66\u9ec4\u519b\u5c31\u6559\u6388\u56e2\u961f\u7528CRISPR\/Cas9\u6280\u672f\u6210\u529f\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u80da\u80ce\u7684\u4e09\u539f\u6838\u5408\u5b50\u8fdb\u884c\u57fa\u56e0\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d2015\u5e74\u76843\u6708\uff0c\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u300b\u548c\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u90fd\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u7531\u591a\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8054\u5408\u7f72\u540d\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u53f7\u53ec\u51fa\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5ba1\u614e\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u6682\u7f13\u8fdb\u884c\u751f\u6b96\u7cfb\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u968f\u7740\u9ec4\u519b\u5c31\u56e2\u961f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53d1\u8868\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u8ba8\u8bba\u4fbf\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5347\u6e29\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>15. CRISPR\/Cas9\u89e6\u52a8\u4e86\u8c01\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48CRISPR\/Cas9\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u8fd9\u4e48\u5927\u4e89\u8bae\uff1f\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8bf4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u672f\u56e0\u4e3a\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u7f16\u8f91\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u201c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5a74\u513f\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6539\u826f\u201d\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u673a\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e89\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u5de5\u7a0b\u624b\u6bb5\u65e9\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u201c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5a74\u513f\u201d\uff08designer baby\uff09\u4e5f\u65e9\u5df2\u4e0d\u662f\u65b0\u9c9c\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u90a3CRISPR\uff0fCas9\u53c8\u4ec0\u4e48\u65b0\u9c9c\u7684\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; CRISPR\/Cas9\u51fa\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u5f15\u8d77\u8f70\u52a8\u3001\u8fc5\u901f\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u6280\u672f\uff08TALEN\/ZFN\uff09\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5b83\u66f4\u4e3a\u9ad8\u6548\u3001\u5feb\u901f\u3001\u5ec9\u4ef7\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8be5\u9879\u6280\u672f\u80fd\u591f\u8fc5\u901f\u5730\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4f53\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u6cbb\u6108\u767d\u8840\u75c5\u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5e94\u7528\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u8ba9\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u7684\u675c\u5fb7\u7eb3\uff08Jennifer Doudna\uff09\u548c\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5f20\u950b\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4dCRISPR\/Cas9\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u8005\u5c31\u6b64\u9879\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u5f52\u5c5e\u6743\u4e89\u5f97\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f00\u4ea4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u6b96\u7cfb\u7ec6\u80de\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u9002\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u6b96\u7cfb\u7ec6\u80de\u4e0e\u7f16\u8f91\u4f53\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u5927\u533a\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u548c\u6027\u72b6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u88ab\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e00\u4ee3\u4ee3\u9057\u4f20\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u6cbb\u6108\u9057\u4f20\u7684\u201c\u75c5\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u591f\u6839\u9664\u75c5\u7684\u201c\u9057\u4f20\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u5bb6\u65cf\u4ece\u9057\u4f20\u75c5\u7684\u9634\u5f71\u4e2d\u89e3\u6551\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u7136\u800c\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7f16\u8f91\u5931\u8d25\u3001\u5931\u8bef\u6216\u8005\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u201c\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee3\u4ee3\u9057\u4f20\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>16. CRISPR\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u4e0d\u77e5\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f7f\u7528CRISPR\/Cas9\u6280\u672f\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6b96\u7cfb\u7ec6\u80de\u8fdb\u884c\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u201c\u57fa\u56e0\u8ba2\u5236\u201d\u201c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5a74\u513f\u201d\u4ece\u6280\u672f\u8bbe\u60f3\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u89e6\u624b\u53ef\u53ca\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u5c31\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u5df2\u77e5\u3001\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u672a\u77e5\u3001\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\u4e0d\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e09\u5206\u6cd5\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u8bd5\u7740\u5206\u6790\u4eba\u7c7b\u80da\u80ce\u7f16\u8f91\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u5df2\u77e5\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528CRISPR\/Cas9\u6280\u672f\u6765\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6b96\u7cfb\u7ec6\u80de\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u4fee\u590d\u67d0\u4e9b\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u9057\u4f20\u75c5\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7f3a\u9677\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6210\u529f\u7387\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u8131\u9776\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\u4e0d\u77e5\uff1a\u8bf7\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\u53bb\u8bbe\u60f3<\/p>\n<p><strong>17. \u6709\u98ce\u9669\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u4e0d\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f46\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u644a\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5c31\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u67d0\u9879\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u5b83\u5e26\u7ed9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5c31\u8d8a\u503c\u5f97\u76f8\u4e92\u5546\u91cf\u600e\u4e48\u8fdb\u5c55\u6700\u597d\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4e00\u4e2a\u6280\u672f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5f80\u5f80\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5728\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e2d\u624d\u9010\u6e10\u6e05\u6670\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5cf0\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u65b0\u5174\u6280\u672f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\u5206\u4f1a\u573a\uff0c\u6709\u89c2\u4f17\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u548c\u89d2\u5ea6\u5c55\u5f00\u63d0\u95ee\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c6\u9891\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u89c2\u4f17\uff08\u7ea626\u520630\u79d2\uff09\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u592d\u6298\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u53d1\u8a00\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u9971\u53d7\u75c5\u75db\u6298\u78e8\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7597\u592d\u6298\uff0c\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6709\u6280\u672f\u80fd\u591f\u6cbb\u6108\u6b64\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u53bb\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6280\u672f\u548c\u7597\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 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ESRC\u9879\u76ee\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u6587\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5757 &nbsp; \u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bfe\u8bb2\u4e49 \uff08\u8bd5\u7528\u7a3f\uff09 &nbsp; Instructions\u8bb2\u4e49\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a \u8bf7\u53c2\u7167\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u9605\u8bfb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u6807\u9898\u6570\u5b57\u6307\u4ee3\u5bf9\u5e94ppt\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u76f8\u5e94\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\u8bb2\u4e49\u7531\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u793a\u4e3a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u76f8\u5e94\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u4e3a\u6559\u5e08\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u8d44\u6599\u53ca\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u601d\u8def\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u60a8\u82e5\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u548cEMR\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u80af\u7279\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5f20\u60a6\u60a6\u6559\u6388\u8054\u7cfb\u7d22\u53d6\uff1ay.zhang-203@kent.ac.uk\uff09 Main Text\u8bb2\u4e49\u6b63\u6587 1. \u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bfe\uff1a\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e &#8211; 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